University of Toronto http://www.economics.utoronto.ca/munro5/
TOPICS IN THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF LATE MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE EUROPE, 1260 - 1600
Topic No. 13: Guilds, Towns, and Women in the Late-Medieval European Economy
READINGS: in chronological order of original publication, except for reprints.
A. General: Crafts and Guilds in Later Medieval Europe
1. Luigi Brentano, 'The History and Development of Guilds and the Origin of Trade Unions,' in Toulmin Smith, English Guilds (London: N. Trubner, 1870).
2. Charles Gross, The Guild Merchant (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1890).
3. Alfred Jakob Doren, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Kaufmannsgilden des Mittelalters: Ein Beitrag zurWirtschafts-, Social- und Verfassungsgeschichte der mittelalterlichen Städte (Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1893).
4. C. Staley, The Guilds of Florence, 2nd edn. (London: Methuen, 1906).
5. S. Kramer, The English Craft Guilds: Studies in their Progress and Decline (New York: Columbia University Press, 1927).
6. Gennaro Maria Monti, Le corporazioni nell'evo antico e nell'altro medio evo (1934).
7. Georg Mickwitz, 'Die Kartellfunktionen der Zunfte,' in Commentationes Humanorum Litterarum, vol. 8, nos. 2-4, Societus Scientiarum Fennica (Helsinki, 1936).
8. R.S. Smith, The Spanish Guild Merchant (Durham: Duke University Press, 1940).
9. M. Mulholland, Early Guild Records of Toulouse (New York: Columbia University Press, 1941).
* 10. Sylvia Thrupp, 'Medieval Gilds Reconsidered,' Journal of Economic History, 2 (1942), 164-73.
1l. Emile Coornaert, 'Les guildes médiévales, Ve-XIVe siècles: definitions, evolution,' Revue historique, 199 (1948).
** 12. Michael M. Postan, E.E. Rich, and Edward Miller, eds., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. III: Economic Organization and Policies in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1963):
a) Sylvia Thrupp, 'The Gilds,' pp. 230-80
b) A.B. Hibbert, 'The Economic Policies of Towns,' pp. 157-229.
13. Emile Coornaert, 'Les corporations en France avant 1789,' Les éditions ouvrières (Paris, 1968).
14. G. Renard, Guilds in the Middle Ages (London: Kelly, 1969).
15. David Palliser, 'Trade Guilds of Tudor York,' in Peter Clark and Paul Slack, eds., Crisis and Order in English Towns (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1972).
16. Otto G. Oexle, 'Die mittelalterlichen Gilden: Ihre Selbstdeutung und ihr Beitrag zur Formung sozialer Strukturen,' in Albert Zimmermann, ed., Soziale Ordnungen im Selbstverständnis des Mittelalters,, 2 vols (1979).
17. Jacques Le Goff, Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages, trans. by Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980). See in particular:
a) 'Labor Time in the 'Crisis' of the Fourteenth Century: From Medieval Time to Modern Time,' pp. 43-52.
b) 'Labor, Techniques, and Craftsmen in the Value Systems of the Early Middle Ages (Fifth to Tenth Centuries),' pp. 71-86.
c) 'Trades and Professions as Represented in Medieval Confessors' Manuals,' pp. 107-21.
18. Anthony Black, Guilds and Civil Society in European Political Thought from the Twelfth Century to the Present (London: Methuen, 1984).
* 19. Steven Epstein, 'Guilds and Métiers,' in Joseph Strayer, et al, eds., Dictionary of the Middle Ages, vol. 6: Grosseteste, Robert - Italian Literature (New York, 1985), pp. 13 - 20.
** 20. Barbara A. Hanawalt, ed., Women and Work in Pre-Industrial Europe (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986). See in particular:
a) Barbara Hanawalt, 'Introduction,' pp. vii-xviii.
b) Kathryn L. Reyerson, 'Women in Business in Medieval Montpellier,' pp. 117-44.
* c) Maryanne Kowaleski, 'Women's Work in a Market Town: Exeter in the Late Fourteenth Century,' pp. 145-64.
* d) Natalie Zemon Davis, 'Women in the Crafts in Sixteenth-Century Lyon,' pp. 167-97.
* e) Martha C. Howell, 'Women, the Family Economy, and the Structures of Market Production in the Cities of Northern Europe during the Later Middle Ages,' pp. 198-222.
** 21. Martha Howell, Women, Production, and Patriarchy in Late Medieval Cities (Chicago, 1986), especially pp. 174-83.
* 22. John Munro, 'Textile Workers,' in Joseph R. Strayer, et al., eds., The Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Vol. 11 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988), pp. 693-715. Reprinted in John Munro, Textiles, Towns, and Trade: Essays in the Economic History of Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries, Variorum Collected Studies series CS 442 (London, 1994).
* 23. Martha C. Howell, 'Citizenship and Gender: Women's Political Status in Northern Medieval Cities,' in Mary Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski, eds., Women and Power in the Middle Ages (Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 1988), pp. 37-61.
24. Patricia Basing, Trades and Crafts in Medieval Manuscripts (New York: New Amsterdam Books, 1990).
25. Jacqueline Hamesse and Coletter Muraille-Samaran, eds., Le travail au moyen âge: une approche interdisciplinaire, Actes du Colloque international de Louvain-la-Neuve, 21-23 mai 1987, Université Catholique de Louvain: Publications de l'Institut d'Études Médiévales: Textes, Études, Congrès, vol. 10 (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1990). Of rather limited use; but see below, section C. on the Low Countries.
** 26. Steven A. Epstein, Wage Labor and Guilds in Medieval Europe (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1991). See in particular chapter 4, 'Guilds and Labor in the Wider World,' pp. 155-206; and especially chapter 5, 'Labor and Guilds in Crisis: the Fourteenth Century,' pp. 207-56. Despite the title, a rather disappointing monograph.
27. Claire Dolan, ed., Travail et travailleurs en Europe au moyen âge et au début des temps modernes, Papers in Mediaeval Studies 13 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1991). See below, section C.
* 28. Charles R. Hickson and Earl A. Thompson, 'A New Theory of Guilds and European Economic Development,' Explorations in Economic History, 28:2 (April 1991), 127 - 68.
29. Franco Franceschi, Oltre il 'tumulto': I lavoratori fiorentini dell'Arte della Lana fra Tre et Quattrocento, Biblioteca di storia toscana moderna e contemporanea, Studi et documenti no. 38 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1993).
30. Ian Blanchard, ed., Labour and Leisure in Historical Perspective, Thirteenth to Twentieth Centuries, Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beheifte series no. 116 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1994).
31. J.P. Sosson, ed., Les métiers au moyen âge: aspects économiques et sociaux, Université Catholique de Louvain, Publications de l'Institut d'Études Médiévales (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1994)
* 32. James R. Farr, 'On the Shop Floor: Guilds, Artisans, and the European Market Economy, 1350 - 1750,'Journal of Early Modern History: Contacts, Comparisons, Contrasts, 1:1 (February 1997), 24-54.
33. Joseph P. Ward, Metropolitan Communities: Trade Guilds, Identity and Change in Early Modern London (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
34. Geoffrey Crossick, The Artisan and the European Town, 1500 - 1900, Historical Urban Studies Series, Variorum Publications (London and Brookfield, 1997).
** 35. Stephan R. Epstein, 'Craft Guilds, Apprenticeship, and Technological Change in Preindustrial Europe,' Journal of Economic History, 58:3 (September 1998), 684-713.
36 Alberto Guenzi, Paola Massa, and Fausto Piaola Caselli, Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 16th - 19th Centuries, Variorum Publications (London and Brookfield, 1998).
* 37. John Munro, 'The Symbiosis of Towns and Textiles: Urban Institutions and the Changing Fortunes of Cloth Manufacturing in the Low Countries and England, 1270 -1570,' The Journal of Early Modern History: Contacts, Comparisons, Contrasts, 3:1 (February: 1999): 1-74. Concerns the role of urban textile guilds in the Low Countries and England.
B. England
1. Toulmin Smith, ed., English Gilds: The Original Ordinances of More Than One Hundred Early English Gilds, with introductions by Lucy Toulmin Smith and Lujo Bretano, Early English Text Society (London: Oxford University Press, 1894).
2. George Unwin, Industrial Organization in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 1st edn. (London, 1904):
(a) chapter I: 'The Amalgamation of the Crafts,' pp. 15-40.
(b) chapter II: 'Differentiation of Classes within the Craft Gild,' pp. 41-69.
(c) chapter VIII: 'The Antecedents of the Trade Union,' pp. 196-227.
* 3. Ephraim Lipson, The Economic History of England, Vol. I: The Middle Ages (London, 1915; 7th edn. 1937)
(a) chapter VII: 'The Gild Merchant,' pp. 264-307.
(b) chapter VIII: 'Craft Gilds,' pp. 308-439.
* 4. George Unwin, Studies in Economic History: The Collected Papers of George Unwin, edited by R.H. Tawney (London, 1927; reissued 1958). See especially the following essays:
(a) 'The Medieval City,' pp. 49-91.
(b) 'Medieval Gilds and Education,' pp. 92-99.
(c) 'London Tradesmen and their Creditors,' pp. 100-16.
5. Stella Kramer, The English Craft Gilds (New York: Columbia University Press, 1927).
6. E. Meyer, 'English Craft Gilds and Borough Governments of the Later Middle Ages,' University of Colorado Studies, 17 (1929-30).
* 7. Sylvia Thrupp, 'The Grocers of London: A Study of Distributive Trade,' in Eileen Power and Michael Postan, eds., Studies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century (London, 1933), pp. 247-92.
8. Marian K. Dale, 'The London Silkwomen of the Fifteenth Century,' The Economic History Review, 1st ser., 4 (1933), 324-35.
9. Douglas Knoop and G.P. Jones, 'Masons' Wages in Mediaeval England,' Economic History, 2 (1933), 473-99.
10. Douglas Knoop and G.P. Jones, The Medieval Mason: An Economic History of English Stone Building in the Later Middle Ages and Early Modern Times (Manchester. 1933), 3rd edn (Manchester, 1967).
11. George Unwin, The Gilds and Companies of London, revised edn. (London, 1938); 4th edition with introduction by William Kahl (London, 1966).
12. D. Knoop and G.P. Jones, 'The London Masons' Company,' Economic History, 3 (1939).
13. Sylvia Thrupp, The Merchant Class of Medieval London, 1300-1500 (Chicago, 1948), especially Chapter II: 'Control of the City Government,' pp. 53-102.
14. E.M. Veale, 'Craftsmen in the Economy of London in the Fourteenth Century,' in A.E. J. Hollaender and W. Kellaway, eds., Studies in London History (London, 1969), pp. 137-
15. David Palliser, 'Trade Guilds of Tudor York,' in Peter Clark and Paul Slack, eds., Crisis and Order in English Towns (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1972).
16. Colin Platt, The English Medieval Town (London, 1976), pp. 135-50..
17. Susan Reynolds, English Medieval Towns (Oxford, 1977).
18. Heather Swanson, Building Craftsmen in Late Medieval York (University of York, 1983)
19. Kay Lacey, 'The Production of 'Narrow Ware' by Silkwomen in Fourteenth and Fifteenth-Century England,' Textile History, 18 (Autumn 1987), 187 - 204.
** 20. Heather Swanson, 'The Illusion of Economic Structure: Craft Guilds in Late Medieval English Towns,' Past & Present, no. 121 (November 1988), pp. 29 - 48.
21. Alexandra F. Johnston, 'English Guilds and Municipal Authority,' Renaissance and Reformation, new ser. 13 (1989), 69 - 88.
22. Audrey Douglas, 'Midsummer in Salisbury: The Tailors' Guild and Confraternity, 1444 - 1642,' Renaissance and Reformation, new ser. 13 (1989), 35 - 51.
* 23. Maryanne Kowaleski and Judith Bennett, 'Crafts, Gilds, and Women in the Middle Ages: Fifty Years after Marian K. Dale,' Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 14 (1989), 474 - 88.
24. Steve Rappaport, Worlds Within Worlds: Structures of Life in Sixteenth-Century London (Cambridge University Press, 1989).
** 25. Heather Swanson, Medieval Artisans: An Urban Class in Late Medieval England (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989).
* 26. John Blair and Nigel Ramsay, eds., English Medieval Industries: Craftsmen, Techniques, Products (London: The Hambledon Press, 1991),
27. Ben R. McRee, 'Religious Gilds and Civic Order: The Case of Norwich in the Late Middle Ages,' Speculum, 67:1 (January 1992), 69 - 97.
** 28. P. Jeremy and P. Goldberg, Women, Work, and Life Cycle in a Medieval Economy: Women in York and Yorkshire, c.1300 - 1520 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992). See the review article (discussed in our earlier seminar on Demographic Crises), based in part on this book, and the role of women in the late-medieval English economy:
Mark Bailey, 'Demographic Decline in Late-Medieval England: Some Thoughts on Recent Research,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 49:1 (February 1996), 1-19.
29. John H. Munro, 'Urban Wage Structures in Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries: Work-Time and Seasonal Wages,' in Ian Blanchard, ed., Labour and Leisure in Historical Perspective, Thirteenth to Twentieth Centuries, Papers Presented to the Eleventh International Economic History Congress, Milan, September 1994, Session B3a (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1994), pp. 65-78.
30. Donald Woodward, 'The Means of Payment and Hours of Work in Early Modern England,' in Carol S. Leonard and Boris N. Mironov, eds., Hours of Work and Means of Payment: The Evolution of Conventions in Pre-Industrial Europe, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Economic History Congress, Milan, September 1994, Session B3b (Milan: Università Bocconi, 1994), pp. 11-21.
31. Donald Woodward, Men at Work: Labourers and Building Craftsmen in the Towns of Northern England, 1450 - 1750, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time vol. 26 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
* 32. Judith M. Bennett, 'Women and Men in the Brewers' Gild of London, ca. 1420,'in Edwin DeWindt, ed., The Salt of Common Life: Individuality and Choice in the Medieval Town, Countryside, and Church: Essays Presented to J. Ambrose Raftis, Medieval Institute Publications SMC XXXVI (Kalamazoo: The Medieval Institute, 1995), pp. 181-232.
33. John Munro, 'The 'Industrial Crisis' of the English Textile Towns, 1290 - 1330,' Thirteenth-Century England: VII, ed. Michael Prestwich, Richard Britnell, and Robin Frame (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Academic Press, 1999), pp. 103-41. In part deals with the issues concerning English textile guilds.
* 34. John Munro, 'The Symbiosis of Towns and Textiles: Urban Institutions and the Changing Fortunes of Cloth Manufacturing in the Low Countries and England, 1270 -1570,' The Journal of Early Modern History: Contacts, Comparisons, Contrasts, 3:1 (February: 1999): 1-74. Compares the roles of urban textile guilds in England and the Low Countries.
35. Heather Swanson, Medieval British Towns (Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press ; New York, St. Martin's Press, 1999).
C. Continental Europe: France, Low Countries, Rhineland, and Italy
1. R. Lespinasse and F. Bonnardo, eds., Le livre des métiers d'Etienne Boileau (Paris, 1879).
2. R. Lespinasse, Les métiers et corporations de la ville de Paris, 3 vols. (Paris, 1886-97).
3. Alfred Doren, Das Florentiner Zunftwesen vom XIV. biz zum XVI. Jahrhundert (1908).
* 4. Henri Pirenne, Early Democracies in the Low Countries: Urban Society and Political Conflict in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, trans. J.V. Saunders (1st edn., London, 1915; reissued New York 1963). Fascinating, but to be used with care; see Nicholas below.
5. Emile Coornaert, 'Notes sur les corporations parisiennes au temps de Saint Louis,' Revue historique, 177 (1936).
6. Robert Sidney Smith, The Spanish Guild Merchant: A History of the Consulado, 1250 - 1700 (London, 1940).
* 7. Emile Coornaert, Les corporations en France avant 1789 (Paris, 1941).
8. M.A. Mulholland, ed., Early Gild Records of Toulouse (New York, 1941).
9. Georges Espinas, Les origines de l'association, 2 vols. (Lille, 1941-42).
10. Hans Van Werveke, De medezeggenschap van Knapen (gezellen) in de middeleeuwsche ambachten (Medelingen van de koniklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren, en Schone Kunsten van Belgie, Klasse der Letteren, Vol. V, no. 3: Brussels, 1943).
11. Hans Van Werveke, Gand: Esquisse d'histoire sociale (Brussels, 1946), pp. 22-69. On guilds and guild power in Ghent.
* 12. Emile Coornaert, 'Les guildes médiévales, Ve-XIVe siècles: definitions, evolution,' Revue historique, 199 (1948).
* 13. Hans Van Werveke, 'Les corporations flamandes et l'origine des corporations des métiers,' Revue du Nord, 32 (1950).
14. J. Lestocquoy, Les villes de Flandre et d'Italie sous le gouvernement des patriciens (XIe-XVe siecles) (Paris, 1952), pp. 124-74, in part three, chapter 1.
15. Felicien Favresse, Etudes sur les métiers bruxellois au moyen age (Brussels, 1961). Collected studies.
* 16. David Nicholas, Town and Countryside: Social, Economic, and Political Tensions in Fourteenth-Century Flanders (Bruges, 1971), especially Part II-III (pp. 53-202).
17. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Ship Carpenters' Guilds, c.1400 to c.1600,' Mededelingen van de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Zeegeschiedenis, 24 (1972), 5-11; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).
18. John Munro, 'Industrial Protectionism in Medieval Flanders: Urban or National?' in Harry A. Miskimin, David Herlihy, and A.L. Udovitch, eds., The Medieval City (New Haven and London, 1977), pp. 229-68.
19. Samuel K. Cohn, The Laboring Classes in Renaissance Florence (New York: Academic Press, 1980).
* 20. Robert S. DuPlessis and Martha C. Howell, 'Reconsidering the Early Modern Urban Economy: The Cases of Leiden and Lille,' Past and Present, no. 94 (February 1982), 49-84.
** 21. Martha Howell, Women, Production, and Patriarchy in Late Medieval Cities (Chicago, 1986). Has much on the Leiden woollen cloth industry.
* 22. David Nicholas, The Metamorphosis of a Medieval City: Ghent in the Age of the Arteveldes, 1302 - 1390 (Lincoln, 1987), chapter 6: 'Wool, Cloth, and Guilds: The Organization of the Textile Trade,' pp. 135 - 77.
* 23. Margret Wensky, 'Women's Guilds in Cologne in the Later Middle Ages,' Journal of European Economic History, 11:3 (Winter 1982), 631-50.
24. Jean-Pierre Sosson, 'Les métiers: norme et réalité. L'exemple des anciens Pays-Bas méridionaux aux XIVe et XVe siècles,' in Jacqueline Hamesse and Coletter Muraille-Samaran, eds., Le travail au moyen âge: une approche interdisciplinaire, (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1990), pp. 339-48.
25. Jacqueline Hamesse and Coletter Muraille-Samaran, eds., Le travail au moyen âge: une approche interdisciplinaire, Actes du Colloque international de Louvain-la-Neuve, 21-23 mai 1987, Université Catholique de Louvain: Publications de l'Institut d'Études Médiévales: Textes, Études, Congrès, vol. 10 (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1990). See the following essays:
a) Paolo Brezzi, 'Una categoria de lavoratori poco consideratea: Gli artigiani medievalie in Italia,' pp. 1 - 20.
b) Noël Coulet, 'Les confréries de métier en Provence au Moyen Âge,' pp. 21-46.
c) Giuliano Pinto, 'I lavoratori salariati nell'Italia bassomedievale: mercato del lavoro e livelli di vita,' pp. 47-62.
d) Denise Angers, 'Le rôle de la famille et la place de la femme dans l'organisation du travail en Allemagne à la fin du Moyen Age: Bilan historiographique,' pp. 63-78.
e) Carmen Batlle, 'Le travail à Barcelone vers 1300: les métiers,' pp. 79-102.
f) Rosa Maria Dentici Buccellato, 'I mesteri della città: Palermo tra due e trecento,' pp. 103-46.
g) Michel Hébert, 'Travail et vie urbaine: Manosque à la fin du Moyen Age,' pp. 147-74.
h) Anna Esposito, 'L'arte della lana nei centri minori dello Stato Pontificio: il caso de Narni nel XV secolo,' pp. 175-92.
i) Pierre Hurtubise, 'Les 'métiers' de cour à Rome à l'époque de la Renaissance,' pp. 217-52.
j) Maria Mazzi, 'Ai margini del lavoro: I mestieri per 'campare la vita',' pp. 253 - 70.
26. Kathryn L. Reyerson, 'The Adolescent Apprentice/Worker in Medieval Montpellier,' Journal of Family History, 17:4 (1992), 353-70.
27. Jean-Paul Peeters, 'Het register van de Brusselse lakengilde uit de jaren 1416-1417: een getuigenis van de praktijk der gereglementeerde draperie in de stad Brussel tijdesn de late middeleeuwen,' Bulletin de la commission royale d'histoire, 158 (1992), 75-152.
28. Marc Boone and Hanno Brand, 'Vollersproeren en collectieve actie in Gent en Leiden in de 14e en 15e eeuw,' Tijdschrift voor sociale geschiedenis, 19:2 (May 1993), 168-92.
* 29. Marc Boone, Hanno Brand, and Walter Prevenier, 'Revendications salariales et conjoncture économique: les salaires de foulons à Gand et à Leyde au XVe siècle,' in Erik Aerts, Brigitte Henau, Paul Janssens, and Raymond Van Uytven, eds., Studia Historica Oeconomica: Liber Amicorum Herman Van der Wee (Leuven, 1993), pp. 59-74.
30. Walter Prevenier and Marc Boone, 'Les villes des Pays-Bas méridionaux au bas moyen âge: identité urbaine et solidarités corporatives,' Bulletin du Crédit Communal, no. 183:1 (1993), 25-42.
31. Alessandro Stella, La révolte des Ciompi: Les hommes, les lieux, le travail, with preface by Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, Recherches d'Histoire et de Sciences Sociales no. 57 (Paris: École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 1993).
32. John H. Munro, 'Urban Wage Structures in Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries: Work-Time and Seasonal Wages,' in Ian Blanchard, ed., Labour and Leisure in Historical Perspective, Thirteenth to Twentieth Centuries, Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beheifte series no. 116 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1994), pp. 65-78.
33. John H. Munro, 'Industrial Entrepreneurship in the Late-Medieval Low Countries: Urban Draperies, Fullers, and the Art of Survival,' in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 377-88.
34. Jan de Vries, 'An Employer's Guide to Wages and Working Conditions in the Netherlands, 1450 - 1850,' in Carol S. Leonard and Boris N. Mironov, eds., Hours of Work and Means of Payment: the Evolution of Conventions in Pre-Industrial Europe/Horaires de travail et modes de paiement: l'évolution des conventions dans l'Europe pré-industrielle, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Economic History Congress, Milan, September 1994, Session B.3b (Milan: Università Bocconi, 1994), pp. 47-64.
35. Jean-Marie Cauchies, 'Règlements de métiers et rapports de pouvoirs en Hainaut à la fin du moyen âge,' in J.P. Sosson, ed., Les métiers au moyen âge: aspects économiques et sociaux, Université Catholique de Louvain, Publications de l'Institut d'Études Médiévales (Lousvain-la-Neuve, 1994), pp. 35-54.
36. David Nicholas, 'Child and Adolescent Labour in the Late Medieval City: A Flemish Model in Regional Perspective,' English Historical Review, 110 (November 1995), 1103-1131.
* 37. John Munro, 'The Symbiosis of Towns and Textiles: Urban Institutions and the Changing Fortunes of Cloth Manufacturing in the Low Countries and England, 1270 -1570,' The Journal of Early Modern History: Contacts, Comparisons, Contrasts, 3:1 (February: 1999): 1-74. Concerns the role of urban textile guilds in the Low Countries and England.
D. The Textile Guilds in the Low Countries and England
1. Felicien Favresse, Etudes sur les métiers bruxellois au moyen age (Brussels, 1961). Collected studies.
2. David Nicholas, Town and Countryside: Social, Economic, and Political Tensions in Fourteenth-Century Flanders (Bruges, 1971), especially Part II-III (pp. 53-202).
3. David Nicholas, The Metamorphosis of a Medieval City: Ghent in the Age of the Arteveldes, 1302 - 1390 (Lincoln, 1987), chapter 6: 'Wool, Cloth, and Guilds: The Organization of the Textile Trade,' pp. 135 - 77.
4. John Munro, 'Industrial Protectionism in Medieval Flanders: Urban or National?' in Harry A. Miskimin, David Herlihy, and A.L. Udovitch, eds., The Medieval City (New Haven and London, 1977), pp. 229-68.
* 5. Robert S. DuPlessis and Martha C. Howell, 'Reconsidering the Early Modern Urban Economy: The Cases of Leiden and Lille,' Past and Present, no. 94 (February 1982), 49-84.
* 6. Martha Howell, Women, Production, and Patriarchy in Late Medieval Cities (Chicago, 1986). Has much on the Leiden woollen cloth industry.
* 7. David Nicholas, The Metamorphosis of a Medieval City: Ghent in the Age of the Arteveldes, 1302 - 1390 (Lincoln, 1987), chapter 6: 'Wool, Cloth, and Guilds: The Organization of the Textile Trade,' pp. 135 - 77.
8. Jean-Paul Peeters, 'Het register van de Brusselse lakengilde uit de jaren 1416-1417: een getuigenis van de praktijk der gereglementeerde draperie in de stad Brussel tijdesn de late middeleeuwen,' Bulletin de la commission royale d'histoire, 158 (1992), 75-152.
9. Marc Boone and Hanno Brand, 'Vollersproeren en collectieve actie in Gent en Leiden in de 14e en 15e eeuw,' Tijdschrift voor sociale geschiedenis, 19:2 (May 1993), 168-92.
11. John H. Munro, 'Industrial Entrepreneurship in the Late-Medieval Low Countries: Urban Draperies, Fullers, and the Art of Survival,' in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 377-88.
* 12. John Munro, 'The Symbiosis of Towns and Textiles: Urban Institutions and the Changing Fortunes of Cloth Manufacturing in the Low Countries and England, 1270 -1570,' The Journal of Early Modern History: Contacts, Comparisons, Contrasts, 3:1 (February: 1999): 1-74.
13. John Munro, 'The 'Industrial Crisis' of the English Textile Towns, 1290 - 1330,' Thirteenth-Century England: VII, ed. Michael Prestwich, Richard Britnell, and Robin Frame (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Academic Press, 1999), pp. 103-41.
E. The Role of Women in the Late-Medieval European Economy: in Crafts, Craft-Guilds and Urban Society
1. Eileen Power, Medieval People (London, 1924), in particular chapter IV, 'The Ménagier's Wife: A Paris Housewife in the Fourteenth Century,' pp. 99-124.
2. Marian K. Dale, 'The London Silkwomen of the Fifteenth Century,' The Economic History Review, 1st ser., 4 (1933), 324-35.
3. Levi Fox, 'The Coventry Guilds and Trading Companies with Special Reference to the Position of Women,' in Essays in Honour of Philip B. Chatwin (Oxford: V. Ridler, 1962), pp. 13-26.
* 4. Eileen Power, Medieval Women (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1975). A collection of posthumously published essays, not to be confused with no. 1 above..
5. Margret Wensky, Die Stellung der Frau in der stadkölnischen Wirtschaft im Spätmittelalter (Cologne: Böhlau Verlag, 1980).
* 6. Margret Wensky, 'Women's Guilds in Cologne in the Later Middle Ages,' Journal of European Economic History, 11 (1982), 631-50.
7. Shulamith Shahar, The Fourth Estate: A History of Women in the Middle Ages, trans. Chaya Galai (New York: Methuen, 1983).
8. Edith Ennen, Frauen im Mittelater (Munich: C.H. Beck, 1984).
9. Mary Prior, 'Women and the Urban Economy: Oxford, 1500 - 1800,' in Mary Prior, ed, Women in English Society, 1500 - 1800 (London: Methuen, 1985), pp. 93-117.
10. Rodney Hilton, 'Women Traders in Medieval England,' in R.H. Hilton, ed., Class Conflict and the Crisis of Feudalism: Essays in Medieval Social History (London: Hambledon Press, 1985), pp. 205-15.
* 11. Kay Lacey, 'Women and Work in Fourteenth and Fifteenth-Century London', in Lindsey Charles and Lorna Duffin, eds., Women and Work in Pre-Industrial England (London: Croom Helm, 1985), pp. 24-82.
12. David Nicholas, The Domestic Life of a Medieval City: Women, Children, and the Family in Fourteenth-Century Ghent (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1985), especially chapter 4: 'Freedom in Bondage: Unemancipated Women in the Business World', pp. 70-83.
13. P.J.P.Goldberg, 'Female Labour, Service and Marriage', Nothern History, 23 (1986), 18-38.
14. Margaret Ferguson, Maureen Quilligan, and Nancy J. Vickers, eds., Rewriting the Renaissance (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986):
a) Merry Wiesener, 'Spinsters and Seamstresses: Women in Cloth and Clothing Production,' pp. 189-201.
b) Judith Brown, 'A Woman's Place Was in the Home: Women's Work in Renaissance Tuscany,' pp. 206-24.
* 15. Barbara A. Hanawalt, ed., Women and Work in Pre-Industrial Europe (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986). See in particular:
a) Barbara Hanawalt, 'Introduction,' pp. vii-xviii.
b) Kathryn L. Reyerson, 'Women in Business in Medieval Montpellier,' pp. 117-44.
c) Maryanne Kowaleski, 'Women's Work in a Market Town: Exeter in the Late Fourteenth Century,' pp. 145-64.
d) Natalie Zemon Davis, 'Women in the Crafts in Sixteenth-Century Lyon,' pp. 167-97.
** e) Martha C. Howell, 'Women, the Family Economy, and the Structures of Market Production in the Cities of Northern Europe during the Later Middle Ages,' pp. 198-222.
** 16. Martha Howell, Women, Production, and Patriarchy in Late Medieval Cities (Chicago, 1986).
17. Merry Wiesner, Working Women in Renaissance Germany (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1986).
18. Vivien Brodsky, 'Widows in Late Elizabethan London: Remarriage, Economic Opportunity and Family Orientations,' in Lloyd Bonfield, Richard M. Smith, and Keith Wrightson, eds., The World We Have Gained: Histories of Population and Social Structure: Essays Presented to Peter Laslett on his Seventieth Birthday (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), pp. 122-54.
* 19. John Munro, 'Textile Workers,' in Joseph R. Strayer, et al., eds., The Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Vol. XI (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988), pp. 693-715. Reprinted in John Munro, Textiles, Towns, and Trade: Essays in the Economic History of Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries, Variorum Collected Studies series CS 442 (London, 1994).
* 20. Martha C. Howell, 'Citizenship and Gender: Women's Political Status in Northern Medieval Cities,' in Mary Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski, eds., Women and Power in the Middle Ages (Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 1988), pp. 37-61.
21. Kay Lacey, 'The Production of 'Narrow Ware' by Silkwomen in Fourteenth and Fifteenth-Century England,' Textile History, 18 (Autumn 1987), 187 - 204.
** 22. Heather Swanson, 'The Illusion of Economic Structure: Craft Guilds in Late Medieval English Towns,' Past & Present, no. 121 (November 1988), pp. 29 - 48.
* 23. Maryanne Kowaleski and Judith Bennett, 'Crafts, Gilds, and Women in the Middle Ages: Fifty Years after Marian K. Dale,' Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 14 (1989), 474 - 88.
24. Denise Angers, 'Le rôle de la famille et la place de la femme dans l'organisation du travail en Allemagne à la fin du Moyen Age: Bilan historiographique,' in Jacqueline Hamesse and Coletter Muraille-Samaran, eds., Le travail au moyen âge: une approche interdisciplinaire (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1990).
** 25. P. Jeremy and P. Goldberg, Women, Work, and Life Cycle in a Medieval Economy: Women in York and Yorkshire, c.1300 - 1520 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992). See the review article: Mark Bailey, 'Demographic Decline in Late-Medieval England: Some Thoughts on Recent Research,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 49:1 (February 1996), 1-19.
26. William Chester Jordan, Women and Credit in Pre-Industrial and Developing Societies (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993). Especially Part Two: 'Investment and Capital Formation in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe,' pp. 51-82.
27. Merry E. Wiesner, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe, New Approaches to European History 1 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
* 28. Judith M. Bennett, 'Women and Men in the Brewers' Gild of London, ca. 1420,'in Edwin DeWindt, ed., The Salt of Common Life: Individuality and Choice in the Medieval Town, Countryside, and Church: Essays Presented to J. Ambrose Raftis, Medieval Institute Publications SMC XXXVI (Kalamazoo: The Medieval Institute, 1995), pp. 181-232.
29. Jennnifer Ward, ed., Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, 1066-1500 (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1995).
30. Henrietta Leyser, Medieval Women: A Social History of Women in England, 450 - 1500 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995).
31. Amy Louise Erikson, Women and Property in Early Modern England (London: Routledge, 1995).
32. Daryl M. Hafter, ed., European Women and Preindustrial Craft (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995). Chiefly on the 18th and 19th centuries.
* 33. P.J. P. Goldberg, trans. and ed., Women in England c. 1275 -1525: Documentary Sources (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1995). See the review
* 34. Judith Bennett, Ales, Beer, and Brewsters in England: Women's Work in a Changing World, 1300 - 1600 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
35. Katherine L. French, ' 'To Free Them from Binding': Women in the Late Medieval English Parish,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 27:3 (Winter 1997), 387-412.
** 36. Martha C. Howell, The Marriage Exchange: Property, Social Place, and Gender in the Cities of the Low Countries, 1300 - 1500 (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
* 37. Mavis E. Mate, Daughters, Wives, and Widows after the Black Death: Women in Sussex, 1350-1535 (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 1998).
** 38. Mavis Mate, Women in Medieval English Society, New Studies in Economic and Social History no. 39 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
QUESTIONS:
1. Define the nature of guilds in late-medieval western Europe: in institutional, legal, political, and social terms.
2. How had guilds evolved or changed from the 11th to 14th centuries in medieval north-western Europe: and how did they change subsequently in the late Middle Ages (i.e. ca. 1300-ca. 1500)?
3. In late medieval western Europe, what was the relationship between urban governments on the one hand and merchant and craft guilds on the other? How did such relationships change over the course of the later medieval era?
4. What was the role of women in late-medieval crafts and craft guilds? Did women ever succeed in becoming 'masters' in any crafts, apart from their role as widows of masters? Did they every succeed in occupying any positions of power in medieval craft guilds? What barriers did they face? How do you explain the organization of some purely female guilds?
5. What were the chief differences between merchant and craft guilds? How were each type typically organized. In each, and particularly in the latter, what were the roles of: master, journeyman, apprentice? How were such guilds, mercantile and craft, governed?
6. Discuss the aims, objectives, and policies of late-medieval guilds: economic, social, cultural, religious, and political.
7. More precisely, what were the purely economic objectives of late-medieval guilds, merchant and craft, in terms of: creating local (urban) monopolies; controlling production and marketing; controlling prices; controlling entry into the profession or craft; regulating or stabilizing incomes; quality controls, etc.
8. To what extent were late-medieval guilds, especially craft guilds, successful in pursuing such policies, particularly in terms of:
(a) control of or support of their urban governments; support from or opposition from princely or national governments.
(b) the nature of the product or service supplied
.
(c) control over both input and output markets: i.e. the degree of monopsony and monopoly powers that could be exercised. Compare those guilds producing for the local market and those producing for regional or international markets; those utilizing local inputs and those importing inputs.
(d) current economic trends: booms and depressions, in particular those of the late-medieval 'Great Depression.'
9. Were late-medieval guilds obstacles to economic progress and development: were they necessarily opponents of individual economic initiative and enterprise; to technological innovation?
10. How did the urban textile guilds of the late medieval Low Countries differ from 'typical' craft guilds of this era?
11. In what respects may late-medieval guilds be seen as 'ancestors' of modern labour unions and/or professional associations: in what respects are there similarities in organization and policies?