University of Toronto http://www.economics.utoronto.ca/munro5/
Updated: 16 December 2002
Topic No. 16: Entrepreneurship in European Industrialization during the 19th Century: France, Germany, and Great Britain, c.1850 - 1914
READINGS: ** or *: Readings of primary importance.
I. EUROPEAN INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE 19TH CENTURY: General Studies
1. Werner Conze, 'The Effects of Nineteenth-Century Liberal Agrarian Reforms on Social Structure in Central Europe', translated from Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 38 (1949), and republished in François Crouzet, W.H. Chaloner, and W.M. Stern, eds., Essays in European Economic History, 1789 - 1914 (London: Edward Arnold, 1969), pp. 53 - 81.
* 2. Hugh G.J. Aitken, ed., The State and Economic Growth (New York, 1959). See in particular: William Parker, 'National States and National Development: A Comparison of Elements in French and German Development in the Late Nineteenth Century.'
3. W. W. Rostow, The Stages of European Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (1960), chapters 2, 3, and 4.
** 4. Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Experience: A Book of Essays (New York, 1962; reissued in paperback in 1965): in particular
(a) 'Economic Backwardness in Historical Experience', pp. 5-30. [From Bert Hoselitz, ed., The Progress of Underdeveloped Countries (1952).]
(b) 'Reflections on the Concept of 'Prerequisites' of Modern Industrialization', pp. 31-51. [From L'industria (Milan, 1952), no. 2]
(c) 'Social Attitudes, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Development', pp. 52-71. [From Leon H. Dupriez, ed., Economic Progress: Papers and Proceedings of a Round Table Held by the International Economic Association (Leuven, 1955).]
5. W. W. Rostow, ed., The Economics of the Take-Off into Sustained Growth (1963). Essays by various authors for the principal European economies.
* 6. Barry E. Supple, ed., The Experience of Economic Growth: Case Studies in Economic History (New York, 1963):
(a) Part I: 'Introduction', by B.E. Supple, pp. 1-46.
(b) W.W. Rostow, 'The Take-Off into Self-Sustained Growth', pp. 81-110. [Reprinted from his The Stages of Economic Growth (Cambridge, 1960), pp. 17-58, with some omissions.]
(c) H.J. Habakkuk, 'The Historical Experience on the Basic Conditions of Economic Progress', pp. 111-27. [Reprinted from Leon Dupriez, ed., Economic Progress: Papers and Proceedings of a Round Table Held by the International Economic Association (Louvain, 1955), pp. 149-69, with some omissions.]
7. Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, Les banques européennes et l'industrialisation internationale dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle (Paris, 1964).
8. Paul Bairoch, 'Niveaux de développement économique de 1810 à 1910', Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 20 (1965), 1096, Table 1.
* 9. H.J. Habakkuk and M. M. Postan, eds., The Cambridge Economic History, Vol. VI: The Industrial Revolutions and After, Parts I and II: Technological Change and Development in Western Europe (Cambridge, 1965), in particular the following:
(a) W.A. Cole and P. Deane, 'The Growth of National Incomes: The Late-Comers to Industrialization in Europe', in Part I (chapter 1), pp. 10-28.
(b) David Landes, 'Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe, 1750-1914' in Part I (chapter 5), pp. 274 - 601, especially pp. 353-420. [Republished in an a revised, expanded version below in Landes (1969).]
(c) Folke Dovring, 'The Transformation of European Agriculture', in Part II (chapter 6), pp. 604-72.
* 10. David Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (Cambridge University Press, 1969), pp. 1-40 (introduction), and chapter 3: Continental Emulation', pp. 124-92.
Apart from the Introduction, a revised edition of chapter 5, 'Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe', in H.J. Habakkuk and M. M. Postan, eds., The Cambridge Economic History, Vol. VI: The Industrial Revolutions and After, Parts I and II: Technological Change and Development in Western Europe (Cambridge, 1965).
* 11. Tom Kemp, Industrialization in Nineteenth-Century Europe (London, 1969), chapter 1: 'British and European Industrialization', pp. 1-33; chapter 4, 'The Rise of Industrial Germany', pp. 81-118.
* 12. Steven L. Barsby, 'Economic Backwardness and the Characteristics of Development', Journal of Economic History, 29 (1969), 449-72.
13. E.J.T. Collins, 'Labour Supply and Demand in European Agriculture, 1800 - 1880', in E.L. Jones and S.J. Woolf, eds., Agrarian Change and Economic Development (1969).
14. Jean Bouvier, 'Systèmes bancaires et entreprises industrielles dans la croissance européenne au XIXe siècle', Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 27 (Jan-Feb 1972).
15. François Crouzet, 'Western Europe and Great Britain: Catching Up in the First Half of the 19th Century', in A.J. Youngson, ed., Economic Development in the Long Run (London, 1972).
16. W. O. Henderson, Britain and Industrial Europe, 1750-1870 (Leicester, 1972), chapter 1: 'British Influence on the Development of the Continent, 1750-1875', pp. 1-9.
17. Sima Lieberman, ed., Europe and the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1972):
(a) Alexander Gerschenkron, 'Reflections on the Concept of `Prerequisites' of Modern Industrialization', pp. 9-29. [Reprinted from L'industria (Milan, 1957).]
(b) A.K. Cairncross, 'The Stages of Economic Growth', pp. 29-41. [Reprinted from Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 13 (April 1961).]
(c) H.J. Habakkuk, 'Population Problems and European Economic Development in the Late 18th and 19th Centuries', pp. 277-90. [Reprinted from American Economic Review, 53 (1963).]
* 18. Sidney Pollard, 'Industrialization and the European Economy', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 636-48.
19. David F. Good, 'Backwardness and the Role of Banking in 19th-Century European Industrialization', Journal of Economic History, 33 (1973), 845-50.
20. Alan Milward and S.B. Saul, The Economic Development of Continental Europe, 1780-1870 (London, 1973):
(a) 'The European Economy in the Late Eighteenth Century', pp. 25-117.
(b) 'Population Growth and Migration', pp. 118-170.
21. Charles Kindleberger, 'The Rise of Free Trade in Western Europe, 1820 -1875', The Journal of Economic History, 35 (March 1975), 20-55.
22. Brian R. Mitchell, European Historical Statistics, 1750-1970 (London, 1975).
23. Peter Mathias and M.M. Postan, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. II: The Industrial Economies: Capital, Labour, and Enterprise, Part i: Britain, France, Germany, and Scandinavia (Cambridge University Press, 1978):
a) Robert M. Solow and Peter Temin, 'Introduction: the Inputs for Growth', pp. 1-27.
b) Charles Feinstein, 'Capital Formation in Great Britain', pp. 28-96.
c) Sidney Pollard, 'Labour in Great Britain', pp. 97-179.
d) Peter Payne, 'Industrial Entrepreneurship and Management in Great Britain', pp. 180 - 231.
e) Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, 'Capital Investment and Economic Growth in France, 1820 - 1930', pp. 231 - 295.
f) Yves Lequin, 'Labour in the French Economy Since the Revolution', pp. 296 - 346 (to p. 318, up to 1914).
g) Claude Fohlen, 'Entrepreneurship and Management in France in the Nineteenth Century', pp. 347 - 381.
h) R. H. Tilly, 'Capital Formation in Germany in the Nineteenth Century', pp. 382 - 441.
i) J. J. Lee, 'Labour in German Industrialization', pp. 442 - 491.
j) Jürgen Kocka, 'Entrepreneurs and Managers in German Industrialization', pp. 492 - 589.
24. Charles P. Kindleberger, Economic Response: Comparative Studies in Trade, Finance and Growth (Cambridge, Mass. 1978). Selected essays on economic development.
25. Sidney Pollard, The Integration of the European Economy since 1815 (London, 1981).
26. Clive Trebilcock, Industrialization of the Continental Powers 1780-1914 (London and New York: Longman, 1981), Chapter 1: 'Historical Models of Growth', pp. 1 - 21.
27. G. Patrick Chorley, 'The Agricultural Revolution in Northern Europe, 1750-1880: Nitrogen, Legumes, and Crop Productivity', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 34 (Feb. 1981), 71-93.
28. Paul Bairoch, 'International Industrialization Levels from 1750 to 1980', Journal of European Economic History, 11 (Fall 1982), 269-334.
29. Patrick O'Brien, 'Transport and Economic Growth in Western Europe, 1830-1914', Journal of European Economic History, 11 (Fall 1982), 335-368.
30. Lars G. Sandberg, 'Ignorance, Poverty, and Economic Backwardness in the Early Stages of European Industrialization: Variations on Alexander Gerschenkron's Grand Theme', Journal of European Economic History, 11 (Winter 1982), 675-98.
31. N. F. R. Crafts, 'Gross National Product in Europe, 1870-1910: Some New Estimates', Explorations in Economic History, 20 (Oct. 1983), 387-401.
* 32. Rondo Cameron, 'A New View of European Industrialization', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 38 (Feb. 1985), 1- 23.
33. Charles Sabel and Jonathan Zeitlin, 'Historical Alternatives to Mass Production: Politics, Markets, and Technology in Nineteenth-Century Industrialization', Past and Present, no. 108 (Aug. 1985), 133-76.
34. J. Söderberg, 'Regional Economic Disparity and Dynamics, 1840 - 1914: a Comparison Between France, Great Britain, Prussia, and Sweden', Journal of European Economic History, 14 (Fall 1985), 273 - 96.
35. Michael D. Bordo, 'Financial Crises, Banking Crises, Stock Market Crashes and the Money Supply: Some International Evidence, 1870 - 1933', in F. H. Capie and G. Ed. Wood, eds., Financial Crises and the World Banking System (London: MacMillan, 1986).
36. Patrick K. O'Brien, 'Do We Have a Typology for the Study of European Industrialization in the XIXth Century?' Journal of European Economic History, 15 (Fall 1986), 291-333.
37. Rondo Cameron, 'Was England Really Superior to France?' Journal of Economic History, 46 (Dec. 1986), 1031-39.
38. T. Kjaergaard, 'Origins of Economic Growth in European Societies Since the XVIth Century: The Case of Agriculture', Journal of European Economic History, 15 (1986), 591-98.
39. Gregory Clark, 'Productivity Growth Without Technical Change in European Agriculture Before 1850', Journal of Economic History, 47 (June 1987), 419 - 32.
40. Hartmut Kaelble, Industrialization and Social Inequality in 19th-Century Europe, trans. Bruce Little (New York, 1986). On Britain, France, Germany.
41. Solomos Solomou, Phases of Economic Growth, 1850 - 1973: Kondratieff Waves and Kuznets Swings (Cambridge, 1987).
42. John Komlos, 'Agricultural Productivity in America and Eastern Europe: A Comment', The Journal of Economic History, 48 (September 1988), 655-64.
43. F. Geary, 'Balanced and Unbalanced Growth in XIXth Century Europe', Journal of European Economic History, 17 (Fall 1988), 349-58.
44. Michael Anderson, Population Change in North-Western Europe, 1750 - 1850, Studies in Economic and Social History series (London, 1988).
45. Michael Tracy, Government and Agriculture in Western Europe, 1880 - 1988, 3rd edn. (New York: New York University Press, 1989).
46. Daniel Chirot, ed., The Origins of Backwardness in Eastern Europe: Economics and Politics from the Middle Ages until the Early Twentieth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
47. Peter Scholliers, ed., Real Wages in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Europe (New York: Berg, 1989).
48. Peter Mathias and Sidney Pollard, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. VIII: The Industrial Economies: The Development of Economic and Social Policies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989):
(a) Paul Bairoch, 'European Trade Policy, 1815 - 1914', pp. 1 - 160.
(b) A. G. Ford, 'International Financial Policy and the Gold Standard, 1870 - 1914', pp. 197 - 249.
(c) D. E. Schremmer, 'Taxation and Public Finance: Britain, France, and Germany', pp. 315 - 494.
(d) G. V. Rimlinger, 'Labour and the State on the Continent, 1800 - 1939', pp. 549 - 606.
(e) T. Kemp, 'Economic and Social Policy in France', pp. 691 - 751.
(f) Volker Hentschel, 'German Economic and Social Policy, 1815 - 1939', pp. 752 - 813.
49. George Grantham, 'Agricultural Supply During the Industrial Revolution: French Evidence and European Implications', Journal of Economic History, 49 (March 1989), 43 - 72.
50. Hartmut Kaelble, 'Was Prometheus Most Unbound in Europe? The Labour Force in Europe during the Late XIXth and XXth Centuries', Journal of European Economic History, 18 (Spring 1989), 65 - 104.
51. Paul Bairoch, 'Urbanization and the Economy in Preindustrial Societies: The Findings of Two Decades of Research', Journal of European Economic History, 18 (Fall 1989), 239 - 90.
52. Nicholas F. R. Crafts, 'British Industrialization in an International Context', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 19 (Winter 1989), 415-28.
53. Gregory Clark, 'Productivity Growth Without Technical Change in European Agriculture: Reply to Komlos', Journal of Economic History, 49 (December 1989), 979 - 91.
* 54. N. F. R. Crafts, S. L. Leybourne, and T. C. Mills, 'Measurement of Trend Growth in European Industrial Output Before 1914: Methodological Issues and New Estimates', Explorations in Economic History, 27 (October 1990), 442-67.
55. Simon Ville, Transport and the Development of the European Economy, 1750 - 1918 (Basingstoke: Macmillan; and New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990).
56. Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), chapter 6, 'The Later Nineteenth Century: 1830-1914', pp. 113-48; chapter 10, 'The Industrial Revolution: Britain and Europe', pp. 239-69.
57. J. L. Van Zanden, 'The First Green Revolution: The Growth of Production and Productivity in European Agriculture, 1870 - 1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 44 (May 1991), 215 - 39.
58. Y. S. Brenner, Hartmut Kaelble, and Mark Thomas, eds., Income Distribution in Historical Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
59. Colin Holmes and Alan Booth, eds., Economy and Society: European Industrialization and Its Consequences (Leicester University Press, 1991.) Various essays on European economic growth in the 19th and 20th centuries, by: David Landes, M.W. Kirby, D.H. Aldcroft, P. Ollenrenshaw, Alice Teichova, J. Harrison, Jürgen Kuczynski, K. Kocka, J. Saville, C.H. Feinstein, and A. Sutcliffe.
60. Ian Inkser, Science and Technology in History: An Approach to Industrial Development (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991).
61. Richard Sylla and Gianni Toniolo, eds., Patterns of European Industrialisation: the Nineteenth Century (London: Routledge, 1991). Collection of essays on European industrialization during the 19th century.
62. Patrice Higgonet, David Landes, and Henry Rosovsky, eds., Favorites of Fortune: Technology, Growth, and Economic Development since the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991).
63. Peter Mathias and John A. Davis, ed., Innovation and Technology in Europe: from the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991).
64. David J. Jeremy, ed., International Technology Transfer: Europe, Japan, and the USA, 1700 - 1914 (Aldershot: Elgar, 1991).
65. Geoffrey Jones, ed., Banks and Money: International and Comparative Financial History (London: Cass, 1991).
66. Rondo Cameron and V. I., Bovykin, eds., International Banking, 1870 - 1914 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991).
67. Lee A. Craig and Douglas Fisher, 'Integration of the European Business Cycle: 1871 - 1910', Explorations in Economic History, 29 (April 1992), 144 - 68.
68. Paul L. Robertson and Lee J. Alston, 'Technological Choice and the Organisation of Work in Capitalist Firms', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 45 (May 1992), 330 - 49.
69. Patrick K. O'Brien and Leandro Prados de la Escosura, 'Agricultural Productivity and European Industrialization, 1890 - 1980', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 45 (August 1992), 514-36.
70. Rondo Cameron, Financing Industrialization, 2 vols. (Aldershot: Elgar, 1992).
71. Georgios Karras, 'Aggregate Demand and Supply Shocks in Europe: 1860 - 1987', Journal of European Economic History, 22:1 (Spring 1993), 79-98.
72. P. Z. Grossman, 'Measurement and Assessment of Coal Consumption in Nineteenth-Century European Economies: A Note', Journal of European Economic History, 22:2 (Fall 1993), 333-8.
73. Nathan Rosenberg, Exploring the Black Box: Technology, Economics, and History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
* 74. Christopher J. Schmitz, The Growth of Big Business in the United States and Western Europe, 1850 - 1939, Studies in Economic and Social History (London: Macmillan, 1993).
75. Clive Trebilcock, 'Science, Technology and the Armaments Industry in the UK and Europe, 1880-1914', Journal of European Economic History, 22:3 (Winter 1993), 565-80.
76. Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994).
77. Derek Aldcroft and Simon Ville, eds., The European Economy, 1750 - 1914: A Thematic Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994).
78. Manfred Pohl and Sabine Freitag, eds., Handbook on the History of European Banks (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1994).
79. Robert Fox and Anna Guagnini, 'Starry Eyes and Harsh Realities: Education, Research, and the Electrical Engineer in Europe, 1880-1914', Journal of European Economic History, 23:1 (Spring 1994), 69 - 92.
80. Frank Dobbin, Forging Industrial Policy: The United States, Britain, and France in the Railway Age (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
81. Niek Koenig, The Failure of Agrarian Capitalism: Agrarian Politics in the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and the USA, 1846 - 1919 (London: Routledge, 1994).
82. N.F.R. Crafts, 'Macroinventions, Economic Growth, and 'Industrial Revolution' in Britain and France', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:3 (August 1995), 591-98.
83. David S. Landes, 'Some Further Thoughts on Accident in History: A Reply to Professor Crafts', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:3 (August 1995), 599-601.
84. Geoffrey Crossick and Heinz-Gerhard Haupt, The Petite Bourgeoisie in Europe, 1780 - 1914: Enterprise, Family, and Independence (London and New York: Routledge, 1995).
85. Y. Cassis, F. Crouzet, and T. Gourvish, eds., Management and Business in Britain and France: The Age of the Corporate Economy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995).
86. Carsten Hefeker, 'Interest Groups, Coalitions, and Monetary Integration in the XIXth Century', The Journal of European Economic History, 24:3 (Winter 1995), 489-536.
87. Richard L. Rudolph, ed., The European Peasant Family and Society: Historical Studies (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1995).
88. Jeffrey G. Williamson, 'The Evolution of Global Labor Markets since 1830: Background Evidence and Hypotheses', Explorations in Economic History, 32:2 (April 1995), 141-96.
89. Forrest Capie, Tariffs and Growth: Some Insights from the World Economy, 1850 - 1940 (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1995).
90. Andreas Kunz and John Armstrong, eds., Inland Navigation and Economic Development in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Mainz: Verlag Philipp Von Zabern, 1995).
91. Janice Rye Kinghorn and John Vincent Nye, 'The Scale of Production in Western Economic Development: A Comparison of Official Industry Statistics in the United States, Britain, France, and Germany, 1905-1913', Journal of Economic History, 56:1 (March 1996), 90-112.
92. H.G. Schröter, 'Cartelization and Decartelization in Europe, 1870 - 1995: Rise and Decline of an Economic Institution', The Journal of European Economic History, 25:1 (Spring 1996), 129-53.
93. James P. Hull, 'From Rostow to Chandler to You: How Revolutionary was the Second Industrial Revolution?' The Journal of European Economic History, 25:1 (Spring 1996), 191-208.
94. Patrick K. O'Brien, 'Path Dependency: Or Why Britain Became an Industrialized and Urbanized Economy Long Before France', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 49:2 (May 1996), 213-49.
95. Jeffrey G. Williamson, 'Globalization, Convergence, and History', Journal of Economic History, 56:2 (June 1996), 277-306.
96. Michael D. Bordo and Hugh Rockoff, 'The Gold Standard as a 'Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval'', Journal of Economic History, 56:2 (June 1996), 389-428.
97. Peter Scholliers and Vera Zamagni, ed., Labour's Reward: Real Wages and Economic Change in 19th and 20th Century Europe (Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1995).
98. Mikulas Teich and Roy Porter, eds., The Industrial Revolution in National Context: Europe and the USA (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
99. R. Bayoumi, Barry Eichengreen, and M.P. Taylor, eds., Modern Perspectives on the Gold Standard (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
100. Barry Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).
101. Lee A. Craig and Douglas Fisher, The Integration of the European Economy, 1850 - 1913 (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997).
102. Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey Williamson, 'Around the European Periphery, 1870 - 1913: Globalization, Schooling, and Growth', European Review of Economic History, 1:2 (August 1997), 153-90.
103. Marc Flandreau, 'Central Bank Cooperation in Historical Perspective: a Skeptical View', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 50:4 (November 1997), 735-63.
104. Charles F. Sabel and Jonathan Zeitlin, eds., World of Possibilities: Flexibility and Mass Production in Western Industrialization (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
105. C. J. Schmitz, 'The Changing Structure of the World Copper Market, 1870 - 1939', The Journal of European Economic History, 26:2 (Fall 1997), 295-330.
* 106. N.F.R. Crafts, 'The Human Development Index and Changes in Standards of Living: Some Historical Comparisons', European Review of Economic History, 1:3 (December 1997), 299-22.
107. Michael Palairet, The Balkan Economies, c. 1800 - 1914: Evolution without Development, Cambridge Studies in Modern Economic History vol. 6 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
108. Kevin H. O'Rourke, 'The European Grain Invasion, 1870 - 1913', Journal of Economic History, 57:4 (December 1997), 775-801.
109. Stephen N. Broadberry, The Productivity Race: British Manufacturing in International Perspective, 1850 - 1990 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
* 110. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997).
** 111. David S. Landes, The Wealth of Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor (New York and London: W.W. Norton, 1998). A very provocative and stimulating study, well worth reading (though some may consider it to be too Euro-centric in its approach to these questions).
* 112. Alfred D. Chandler and Takashi Hikino, eds., Big Business and the Wealth of Nations (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
113. Michael Collins, 'English Bank Development within a European Context, 1870 - 1939', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 51:1 (February 1998), 1-24.
114. André Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998).
115. Solomos Solomou, Economic Cycles: Long Cycles and Business Cycles Since 1870 (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1998).
116. Hakan Mihçi, 'Typologies of Industrialization in Historical Perspective', The Journal of European Economic History, 27:3 (Winter 1998): 557-78.
117. Michael Haynes and Rumy Husan, 'The State and Market in the Transition Economies: Critical Remarks in the Light of Past History and the Current Experience', The Journal of European Economic History, 27:3 (Winter 1998): 609-44.
118. Kristine Bruland and Patrick O'Brien, eds., From Family Firms to Corporate Capitalism: Essays in Business and Industrial History in Honour of Peter Mathias (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998).
119. Maxine Berg and Kristine Bruland, eds., Technological Revolution in Europe: Historical Perspectives (Cheltenham, U.K., and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 1998).
120. Deborah Simonton, A History of European Women's Work: 1700 to the Present (London and New York, Routledge, 1998).
121. Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson, The Age of Mass Migration (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
122. Barry Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998).
123. Trevor J. O. Dick, ed., Business Cycles since 1820: New International Perspectives from Historical Evidence (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1998).
124. Solomos Solomu, Economic Cycles: Long Cycles and Business Cycles Since 1870 (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1998).
125. John Harris, Industrial Espionage and Technology Transfer: Britain and France in the Eighteenth Century (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998).
126. Deepak Lal, Unintended Consequences: The Impact of Factor Endowments, Culture and Politics on Long-Run Economic Performance (Cambridge, Mass., and London: MIT Press, 1998).
127. Kevin Dowd and Richard Timberlake, eds., Money and the Nation State: The Financial Revolution, Government and the World Monetary System (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1998).
128. Lena Andersson-Skog and Ollie Kranze, eds., Institutions in the Transport and Communications Industries: State and Private Actors in the Making of Institutional Patterns, 1850 - 1990, Watson for Science History Publications (Canton, Mass., 1999).
129. Philip Cottrell and Youssef Cassis, eds., Private Banking in Europe, Studies in Banking History, Variorum Studies (London and Brookfield, 1999).
130. Edward R. Wilson, Battles for the Standard: Bimetallism and the Spread of the Gold Standard, 1870 - 1914, Modern Economic and Social History, Variorum Publications (London and Brookfield, 1999).
131. Richard Sylla, Richard Tilly, and Gabriel Tortella, eds., The State, the Financial System, and Economic Modernization (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
132. Solomous Solomou and Weike Wu, 'Weather Effects on European Agricultural Output, 1850 - 1913', European Review of Economic History, 3:3 (December 1999), 351-74.
133. Michael D. Bordo, The Gold Standard and Related Regimes: Collected Essays (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
134. Georgios Karras, 'Taxes and Growth in Europe: 1885 - 1987', The Journal of European Economic History, 28:2 (Fall 1999), 365-79.
135. David Good and Tongshua Ma, 'The Economic Growth of Central and Eastern Europe in Comparative Perspective, 1870 - 1939', European Review of Economic History, 3:2 (August 1999), 103-38.
136. Geoffrey Crossick and Serge Jaumain, eds., Cathedrals of Consumption: the European Department Store, 1850 - 1939 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999).
137. Ellen Furlough and Carl Strikwerda, eds., Consumers Against Capitalism? Consumer Cooperation in Europe, North America, and Japan, 1840-1990 (Landham, Md., and Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999).
138. Jörg Vögele, Urban Mortality Change in England and Germany, 1870 - 1913 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999).
139. Kevin O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999).
140. Karl Gunnar Persson, Grain Markets in Europe, 1500 - 1900: Integration and Deregulation (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
141. P. G. Hugill, Global Communications Since 1844, Geopolitics and Technology (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).
142. Robert Fox and Anna Guagnini, Laboratories, Workshops, and Sites: Concepts and Practices of Research in Industrial Europe, 1800 - 1914 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).
143. G.N. Von Tunzelmann, 'Technology Generation, Technology Use and Economic Growth', European Review of Economic History, 4:2 (August 2000), 121-46. [Special issue, on Technology and Productivity in Historical Perspective, ed. Herman de Jong and Stephen Broadberry.]
144. Rainer Fremdling, 'Transfer Patterns of British Technology to the Continent: the Case of the Iron Industry', European Review of Economic History, 4:2 (August 2000), 195-222 . [Special issue, on Technology and Productivity in Historical Perspective, ed. Herman de Jong and Stephen Broadberry.]
145. J.P. Smits, 'The Determinants of Productivity Growth in Dutch Manufacturing, 1815 - 1913', European Review of Economic History, 4:2 (August 2000), 223-46. [Special issue, on Technology and Productivity in Historical Perspective, ed. Herman de Jong and Stephen Broadberry.]
146. Christopher J. Schmitz, 'The World Copper Industry: Geology, Mining Techniques and Corporate Growth, 1870 - 1939', The Journal of European Economic History, 29:1 (Spring 2000), 77-105.
147. Luca Einaudi, 'From the Franc to the 'Europe': the Attempted Transformation of the Latin Monetary Union into a European Monetary Union, 1865-1873', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 53:2 (May 2000),284-308.
148. Max-Stephan Schulze, 'Patterns of Growth and Stagnation in the Late Nineteenth-Century Habsburg Economy', European Review of Economic History, 4:3 (December 2000), 311-40.
149. Solomos Solomou and Luis Catao, 'Effective Exchange Rates, 1879 - 1913', European Review of Economic History, 4:3 (December 2000), 361-82.
150. Lee A. Craig and Douglas Fisher, The European Macroeconomy: Growth, Integration, and Cycles, 1500 - 1913 (Cheltenhan and Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar, 2000).
151. Angela Redish, Bimetallism: An Economic and Historical Analysis (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
152. Yrjö Kaukiainen, 'Shrinking the World: Improvements in the Speed of Information Transmission, c. 1820 - 1870', European Review of Economic History, 5:1 (April 2001), 1-28.
153. Edward Anderson, 'Globalisation and Wage Inequalities, 1870 - 1970', European Review of Economic History, 5:1 (April 2001), 91-118.
154. Robert C. Allen, 'The Great Divergence in European Wages and Prices from the Middle Ages to the First World War', Explorations in Economic History, 38:4 (October 2001), 411-47.
155. Niall Ferguson, The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700 - 2000 (New York: Basic Books, 2001).
156. Vernon Ruttan, Technology, Growth and Development: An Induced Innovation Perspective (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
157. William J. Collins and Jeffrey G. Williamson, 'Capital-Goods Prices and Investment, 1870 - 1950', Journal of Economic History, 61:1 (March 2001), 59-94.
158. Jeffrey G. Williamson, 'Land, Labor, and Globalization in the Third World, 1870 - 1940', Journal of Economic History, 62:1 (March 2002), 55-85.
159. Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, 'When Did Globalisation Begin?', European Review of Economic History, 6:1 (April 2002), 23-50.
160. Richard Sylla, 'Financial Systems and Economic Modernization', Journal of Economic History, 62:2 (June 2002), 277 - 92.
161. Philip T. Hoffman, David Jacks, Patricia A. Levin, and Peter H. Lindert, 'Real Inequality in Europe Since 1500', Journal of Economic History, 62:2 (June 2002), 322 - 55.
II. FRANCE: From the French Revolution to World War I (1789 -1914)
A. FRANCE: General Studies in Modern Economic History
1. John Clapham, Economic Development of France and Germany, 1815-1914 (London, 1921: reissued Cambridge, 1963).
2. Guy Palmade, Capitalisme et capitalistes français au XIXe siècle (Paris: Armand Colin, 1961); translated by Graeme Holmes and republished as French Capitalism in the Nineteenth Century (Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1972).
3. Rondo Cameron, France and the Economic Development of Europe, 1800-1914 (Princeton, 1961).
4. Jean Marczewski, 'Some Aspects of the Economic Growth of France, 1660-1958', Economic Development and Cultural Change, 9 (1961).
5. Jean Marczewski, 'The Take-Off Hypothesis and French Experience', in W.W. Rostow, ed., The Economics of Take-Off into Sustained Growth (London, 1963).
6. Charles Kindleberger, Economic Growth in France and Britain, 1851-1950 (Cambridge, Mass. 1964).
7. Rondo Cameron, ed., Essays in French Economic History (New York, 1970).
* 8. Tom Kemp, Economic Forces in French History: An Essay on the Development of the French Economy, 1760-1914 (London, 1971).
* 9. Alan Milward and S.B. Saul, Economic Development of Continental Europe, 1780-1870 (London, 1973), chapters 2, 4, 5.
** 10. Roger Price, The Economic Modernization of France (London, 1975). Reissued as An Economic History of Modern France, 1730-1914 (London, 1980).
11. Fernand Braudel and Ernest Labrousse, ed., Histoire économique et sociale de la France, Vol. II: 1660-1789; and Vol. III: 1789-1880 (Paris, 1976).
* 12. Alan Milward and S.B. Saul, Development of the Economics of Continental Europe, 1850-1914 (London, 1977), chapter 2, pp. 71-141.
* 13. Patrick O'Brien and Caglar Keyder, Economic Growth in Britain and France, 1780-1914: Two Paths to the Twentieth Century (London, 1978).
14. François Caron, An Economic History of Modern France (1979).
** 15. Clive Trebilcock, The Industrialization of the Continental Powers, 1780-1914 (London and New York, 1981), chapter Three, 'France', pp. 112-204.
16. Jean-Charles Asselain, Histoire économique de la France, 2 vols. (Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1984).
17. François Crouzet, De la supériorité de l'Angleterre sur la France: l'économique et l'imaginaire, XVIIe - XXe siècle (Paris, 1985). Reissued in revised form and in English translation as Britain Ascendant: Comparative Studies in British and Franco-British Economic History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
* 18. Robert Aldrich, 'Late-Comer or Early-Starter? New Views on French Economic History', Journal of European Economic History, 16 (Spring 1987), 89 - 100.
19. François Crouzet, Britain Ascendant: Comparative Studies in British and Franco-British Economic History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. A revised version and translation of his De la supériorité de l'Angleterre sur la France: l'économique et l'imaginaire, XVIIe - XXe siècle (Paris, 1985).
20. Rick Szostak, The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991).
21. Raymond A. Jonas, 'Peasants, Population, and Industry in France', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 22 (Autumn 1991), 177-200.
22. Colin Heywood, The Development of the French Economy, 1750 - 1914 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992).
23. Bernard Lepetit, The Pre-Industrial Urban System: France, 1740 - 1840, trans. Godfrey Rogers (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
24. Jean-Marc Morineau, Les fermiers de l'Île de France: L'ascension d'un patronat agricole (XVe-XVIIIe siècles) (Paris: Fayard, 1994).
25. Gérard Béaur, L'immobilier et la Revolution: Marché de la pierre et mutations urbaines, 1770 - 1810, Cahiers des Annales no. 44 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1994).
26. Philippe Fontaine, 'The French Economists and Politics, 1750 - 1850: the Science and Art of Political Economy', Canadian Journal of Economics, 29:2 (May 1996), 379-93.
27. Philip Hoffman, Growth in a Traditional Society: The French Countryside, 1450 - 1815 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).
28. François Crouzet, Britain, France, and International Commerce: Louis XIV to Victoria, Variorum Collected Studies Series: CS542 (London and Brookfield, 1996).
* 29. Patrick K. O'Brien, 'Path Dependency: Or Why Britain Became an Industrialized and Urbanized Economy Long Before France', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 49:2 (May 1996), 213-49.
30. Jean-Pierre Dormais, L'économie française face à la concurrence britannique à la vieille de 1914 (Paris and Montreal: L'Harmattan, 1997).
* 31. George Grantham, 'The French Cliometric Revolution: A Survey of Cliometric Contributions to French Economic History', European Review of Economic History, 1:3 (December 1997), 353-405.
32. Emma Rothschild, 'An Alarming Commercial Crisis in Eighteenth-Century Angoulême: Sentiments in Economic History', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 51:2 (May 1998), 268-93.
33. Judith Miller, Mastering the Market: The State and the Grain Trade in Northern France, 1700 - 1860 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
34. Robert Fox and Anthony Turner, eds., Luxury Trades and Consumerism in Ancien Régime Paris, Variorum Publications (London and Brookfield, 1998).
35. John Harris, Industrial Espionage and Technology Transfer: Britain and France in the Eighteenth Century, Variorum Publications (London and Brookfield, 1998).
36. Michael Kwass, Privilege and the Politics of Taxation in Eighteenth-Century France: Liberté, Egalité, Fiscalité (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
37. Christian Morrisson and Wayne Snyder, 'The Income Inequality of France in Historical Perspective', European Review of Economic History, 4:1 (April 2000), 59-84.
38. Daniel Roche, A History of Everyday Things: The Birth of Consumption in France, 1600 - 1800 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
B. General Studies in the Economic History of 19th-Century France:
1. Emile Levasseur, Histoires des classes ouvrières en France depuis 1789 jusqu'à nos jours, 2 vols. (Paris, 1867).
2. Emile Levasseur, Histoire des classes ouvrières et de l'industrie en France de 1789 à 1870, 2nd edn., 3 vols. (Paris, 1904).
** 3. John H. Clapham, Economic Development of France and Germany, 1815-1914 (1921: reissued Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963), pp. 1-6, 6-10, 53-5, 232-35, in particular. A classic study.
4. Shephard B. Clough, France: A History of National Economics, 1789 - 1939 (New York, 1939).
5. Shephard Clough, 'Retarditive Factors in French Economic Development in the 19th and 20th Centuries', Journal of Economic History, Supplement, 6 (1946).
6. G. Duveau, La vie ouvrière en France sous le Second Empire (Paris, 1946).
7. Val R. Lorwin, The French Labor Movement (Cambridge, Mass., 1954).
8. A. Dunham, The Industrial Revolution in France, 1814-1848 (New York, 1955).
9. Rondo Cameron, 'Profit, croissance et stagnation en France au XIXe siècle', Economie appliquée, 10 (1957), 409-44.
** 10. Rondo Cameron, 'Economic Growth and Stagnation in France, 1815-1914', Journal of Modern History, 30 (March 1958), 1-13. Reprinted (with some omissions) in both:
(a) Barry Supple, ed., The Experience of Economic Growth (1963), pp. 328-39;
(b) Sima Lieberman, ed., Europe and the Industrial Revolution (1972), pp. 429-46.
11. L. Chevalier, Classes laborieuses et classes dangereuse à Paris pendant la première moitié du XIXe siècle (Paris, 1958). Translated and republished as Labouring Classes and Dangerous Classes (London, 1973).
12. William N. Parker, 'National States and National Development: A Comparison of Elements in French and German Development in the Late Nineteenth Century', in Hugh G. Aitken, ed., The State and Economic Growth (New York, 1959).
13. Guy Palmade, Capitalisme et capitalistes français au XIXe siècle (Paris: Armand Colin, 1961); translated by Graeme Holmes and republished as French Capitalism in the Nineteenth Century (Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1972).
14. Rondo Cameron, France and the Economic Development of Europe, 1800-1914 (Princeton, 1961).
* 15. Claude Fohlen, 'La rivoluzione industriale in Francia', Studi storici, 2 (1961), 517-47. Revised and republished in translation as 'The Industrial Revolution in France', in Rondo Cameron, ed., Essays in French Economic History (Homewood, Ill., 1970), pp. 201-25.
16. Jean Marczewski, 'Some Aspects of the Economic Growth of France, 1660-1958', Economic Development and Cultural Change, 9 (1961).
17. Tom Kemp, 'Structural Factors in the Retardation of French Economic Growth', Kyklos, 15 (1962).
18. Jean Marczewski, 'The Take-Off Hypothesis and French Experience', in W.W. Rostow, ed., The Economics of Take-Off into Sustained Growth (London, 1963).
19. Norman Hampson, A Social History of the French Revolution (London, 1963).
* 20. Charles Kindleberger, Economic Growth in France and Britain, 1851-1950 (Cambridge, Mass. 1964). See below, for specific chapters on agriculture, entrepreneurship, industry.
21. Georges Dupeux, La société française (1789 - 1960) (Paris: Armand Colin, 1964; new edn. 1972).
22. Jean Marczewski, 'Le produit physique de l'économie française de 1789 à 1913', Cahiers de l'ISEA, ser. AF 4, no. 163 (July 1965).
23. T.J. Markovitch, 'L'industrie française de 1789 à 1964: conclusions générales', Cahiers de l'ISEA, ser. AF 6, no. 174 (June 1966) and ser. AF 7, no. 179 (Nov. 1966).
24. Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, 'La croissance économique en France au XIXe siècle: résultats préliminiares', Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 23 (1968).
25. Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, 'Les processus d'industrialisation: le cas d'Angleterre et de la France', Revue historique, 246 (1968).
26. Maurice Bouvier-Ajam, Histoire de travail en France depuis la Révolution (Paris, 1969).
* 27. Tom Kemp, Industrialization in Nineteenth-Century Europe (1969), chapter 3: 'French Economic Development - A Paradox?' pp. 52-80.
28. M. Blanchard, 'The Railway Policy of the Second Empire', in François Crouzet, W.H. Chaloner, and W.H. Stern, eds., Essays in European Economic History, 1789 - 1914 (London, 1969): translated from 'La politique de chemin des fers de la Second Empire', Annales: E.S.C. 6 (1934). [? - source uncertain]
29. François Crouzet, 'Essai de construction d'un indice annuel de la production industrielle française au XIXe siècle', Annales: E.S.C., 25 (Jan.-Feb. 1970), 56-99: reprinted in translation as 'An Annual Index of French Industrial Production in the 19th Century', in Rondo Cameron, ed., Essays in French Economic History, (1970), pp. 245-78.
30. A. Armengaud and P. Léon, et al., Industrialisation et demographie dans la France au 19e siècle (Paris, 1970).
* 31. Rondo Cameron, ed., Essays in French Economic History (Homewood, Illinois, 1970):
(a) Claude Fohlen, 'The Industrial Revolution in France', pp. 201-25. [Reprinted in translation from 'La rivoluzoine industriale in Francia', Studi storici, 2 (1961), 517-47, with revisions.]
(b) T.J. Markowitch, 'The Dominant Sectors of French Industry', pp. 226-44. [Reprinted in translation from 'Les secteurs dominants de l'industrie française', Analyse et prevision, 1 (1966), 161-75.]
(c) François Crouzet, 'An Annual Index of French Industrial Production in the 19th Century', pp. 245-78. [Reprinted in translation from 'Essai de construction d'un indice annuel de la production industrielle française au XIXe siècle', Annales: E.S.C., 25 (Jan.-Feb. 1970), 56-99.]
(d) Marcel Rist, 'A French Experiment with Free Trade: The Treaty of 1860', pp. 286-314. [Reprinted in translation from 'Une expérience française de libération des échanges au dix-neuvième siècle: le traité de 1860', Revue d'économie politique, 66 (1956), 908-61.]
(e) François Caron, 'French Railroad Investment, 1850-1914', pp. 315-40. [Reprinted in translation from 'Les commandes des compagnies de chemin de fer en France, 1850 - 1914', Revue d'histoire de la sidérugie, 6 (1965), 137-76.]
(f) Jean Bouvier, 'The Banking Mechanism in France in the Late 19th Century', pp. 341-69. [Reprinted in translation from 'Recherches sur l'histoire des mécanismes bancaires en Frances dans le dernier tiers du XIXe siècle: sources et problèmes', Bulletin du centre de recherches sur l'histoire des enterprises, 4 (Dec. 1955), 1-38 (mimeo); reprinted in Jean Bouvier, Histoire économique et histoire sociale: recherches sur le capitalisme contemporain (Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1968), pp. 93-133, of which Parts II and III (pp. 106-133) are given here in translation.
32. Tom Kemp, Economic Forces in French History: An Essay on the Development of the French Economy, 1760-1914 (1971), chapters 1-5.
33. Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, 'La déceleration de l'économie française dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle', Revue d'histoire économique et sociale, 49 (1971), 485-507.
34. François Crouzet, 'Western Europe and Great Britain: Catching Up in the First Half of the 19th Century', in A.J. Youngson, ed., Economic Development in the Long Run (London, 1972).
35. François Crouzet, 'Encore la croissance économique française au 19e siècle', Revue du Nord, 54 (1972).
36. Shephard B. Clough, 'Retarditive Factors in French Economic growth at the End of the Ancien Régime and during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Periods', in M. Kooey, ed., Studies in Economics and Economic History: Essays in Honor of Harold F. Williamson (Durham, N.C., 1972).
37. Y. Gonjo, 'Le 'plan Freycinet', 1878-1882: un apsect de la `grande dépression' économique de la France', Revue historique, 268 (Jan-Mars 1972).
38. Peter Coffey, The Social Economy of France (London, 1973).
* 39. Alan Milward and S.B. Saul, Economic Development of Continental Europe, 1780-1870 (London, 1973), chapter 1, pp. 46-52; chapter 2, pp. 127-30; 137-41; chapter 4, pp. 248-67; chapter 5, pp. 351-64.
40. Michelle Perrot, Les ouvriers en grève: France, 1871 - 1900 (Paris, 1974).
** 41. François Crouzet, 'French Economic Growth in the Nineteenth Century Reconsidered', History, new ser. 59 (1974), 167-79.
42. Charles Tilly and Edward Shorter, Strikes in France, 1830 - 1968 (Cambridge, 1974).
43. T.J. Markovitch, 'La Revolution industrielle: le cas de la France', Revenue d'historie économique et sociale, 52 (1974), 115-25.
44. Michelle Perrot, Les ouvriers en grève: France, 1871 - 1900 (Paris, 1974).
45. Charles Tilly and Edward Shorter, Strikes in France, 1830 - 1968 (Cambridge, 1974).
46. Roger Price, The Economic Modernisation of France, 1730 - 1880 (London: Croom Helm, 1975). Revised and extended as An Economic History of Modern France, 1730 - 1914 (London: MacMillan, 1981).
* 47. Richard Roehl, 'French Industrialization: A Reconsideration', Explorations in Economic History, 13 (1976), 233-81.
48. Fernand Braudel and Ernest Labrousse, et al. eds., Histoire économique et sociale de la France, Vol. III: 1789-1880 (Paris, 1976).
49. Bernard H. Moss, The Origins of the French Labor Movement, 1830 - 1914 (Berkeley, 1976).
50. Alan Milward and S.B. Saul, Development of the Economies of Continental Europe, 1850-1914 (London, 1977), chapter 2, pp. 71-141.
51. Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, La position internationale de la France: aspects économiques et financiers XIXe et XXe siècles (Paris, 1977).
* 52. Peter Mathias and M.M. Postan, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. II: The Industrial Economies: Capital, Labour, and Enterprise, Part i: Britain, France, Germany, and Scandinavia (Cambridge University Press, 1978):
(a) Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, 'Capital Investment and Economic Growth in France, 1820 - 1930', pp. 231 - 295.
(b) Yves Lequin, 'Labour in the French Economy Since the Revolution', pp. 296 - 346 (to p. 318, up to 1914).
(c) Claude Fohlen, 'Entrepreneurship and Management in France in the Nineteenth Century', pp. 347 - 381.
* 53. Patrick O'Brien and Caglar Keyder, Economic Growth in Britain and France, 1780-1914: Two Paths to the Twentieth Century (London, 1978). Also see below under agriculture, industry.
* 54. D.R. Lect and J.A. Shaw, 'French Economic Stagnation, 1700-1960: Old Economic History Revisited', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 8 (1978), 531-41.
55. Charles Freedeman, 'French Economic and Social History from the Revolution to the 1880's', Journal of Economic History, 38 (1978), 500-06. A review article.
56. M.S. Smith, 'Thoughts on the Evolution of the French Capitalist in the Nineteenth Century', Journal of European Economic History, 7 (1978), 139-44.
* 57. Patrick O'Brien and Caglar Keyder, Economic Growth in Britain and France, 1780-1914: Two Paths to the Twentieth Century (London, 1978). Also see below under industry.
58. Patrick K. O'Brien and Caglar Keyder, 'Les voies de passage vers la société industrielle en Grande-Bretagne et en France, 1780 - 1914', Annales: E.S.C., 34 (Nov. Dec. 1979), 1284-1303.
59. François Caron, An Economic History of Modern France (London, 1979).
60. M.S. Smith, Tariff Reform in France, 1860-1900: The Politics of Economic Interests (1980).
61. William H. Sewell, Work and Revolution in France: The Language of Labor from the Old Regime to 1848 (Cambridge, 1980).
* 62. Roger Price, An Economic History of Modern France, 1730-1914 (London: MacMillan, 1981). This is a revised and extended version of Roger Price, The Economic Modernisation of France, 1730 - 1880 (London: Croom Helm, 1975).
** 63. Clive Trebilcock, The Industrialization of the Continental Powers, 1780-1914 (London and New York, 1981), chapter Three, 'France', pp. 112-204.
64. Patrick K. O'Brien, 'Transport and Economic Growth in Western Europe, 1830-1914', Journal of European Economic History, 11 (1982), 269-334.
65. Anthony Rowley, Evolution économique de la France du milieu du XIXe siècle à 1914 (Paris, 1982).
** 66. N.F.R. Crafts, 'Economic Growth in France and Britain, 1830-1910: A Review of the Evidence', Journal of Economic History, 44 (March 1984), 49-68.
* 67. David R. Weir, 'Life Under Pressure: France and England, 1670- l870', Journal of Economic History, 44 (March 1984), 27-48.
* 68. Roger Price, 'Recent Work on the Economic History of Nineteenth-Century France', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 37 (August 1984), 417-34.
69. Jean-Charles Asselain, Histoire économique de la France, 2 vols. (Paris, 1984).
70. François Crouzet, De la supériorité de l'Angleterre sur la France: l'économique et l'imaginaire, XVIIe - XXe siècle (Paris, 1985).
71. Maurice Lévy-Leboyer and François Bourguignon, L'économie française au XIXe siècle (Paris: Economica, 1985). Translated and reissued as The French Economy in the Nineteenth Century: An Essay in Econometric Analysis, trans. Jesse Bryant and Virginie Pérotin (Cambridge University Press, 1990).
72. J. Söderberg, 'Regional Economic Disparity and Dynamics, 1840 - 1914: a Comparison Between France, Great Britain, Prussia, and Sweden', Journal of European Economic History, 14 (Fall 1985), 273 - 96.
73. André and Danielle Cabanis, La société française aux XIXe et XXe siècles (Toulouse, 1986).
* 74. Rondo Cameron, 'Was England Really Superior to France?' Journal of Economic History, 46 (Dec. 1986), 1031-39.
** 75. Robert Aldrich, 'Late-Comer or Early-Starter? New Views on French Economic History', Journal of European Economic History, 16 (Spring 1987), 89 - 100.
* 76. Roger Price, A Social History of Nineteenth-Century France, 18915 -1914 (London: Hutchison, 1987).
* 77. Jean Marczewski, 'Economic Fluctuations in France, 1815 - 1938', Journal of European Economic History, 17 (Fall 1988), 259-66.
78. C. Nardinelli, 'Productivity in XIXth Century France and Britain: A Note on the Comparisons', Journal of European Economic History, 17 (Fall 1988), 427-34.
79. Herman Lebovics, The Alliance of Iron and Wheat in the Third French Republic, 1860 - 1914: Origins of the New Conservatism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988).
80. Alain Beltran and Pascal Griset, La croissance économique de la France, 1815 - 1914 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1988).
81. Peter Mathias and Sidney Pollard, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. VIII: The Industrial Economies: The Development of Economic and Social Policies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989):
(a) Paul Bairoch, 'European Trade Policy, 1815 - 1914', pp. 1 - 160.
(b) A. G. Ford, 'International Financial Policy and the Gold Standard, 1870 - 1914', pp. 197 - 249.
(c) D. E. Schremmer, 'Taxation and Public Finance: Britain, France, and Germany', pp. 315 - 494.
(d) G. V. Rimlinger, 'Labour and the State on the Continent, 1800 - 1939', pp. 549 - 606.
(e) Tom Kemp, 'Economic and Social Policy in France', pp. 691 - 751.
81. Jonathan J. Liebowitz, 'Tenants, Sharecroppers, and the French Agricultural Depression of the Late Nineteenth Century', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 19 (Winter 1989), 429 - 46.
82. Günther Schmitt, 'Agriculture in XIXth Century France and Britain: Another Explanation of International and Intersectoral Productivity Differences', Journal of European Economic History, 19 (Spring 1990), 91 - 115.
83. Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, 'The Development of Irrigation in Provence, 1700-1860: The French Revolution and Economic Growth', Journal of Economic History, 50 (Sept. 1990), 615-38.
84. François Crouzet, Britain Ascendant: Comparative Studies in British and Franco-British Economic History Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
85. Michiel Alexander Van Meerten, 'Développement économique et stature en France, XIXe - XXe siècles', Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, LXV (mai-juin 1990), 755 - 78.
86. Wayne Lewchuk, 'Industrialization and Occupational Mortality in France Prior to 1914', Explorations in Economic History, 28:3 (July 1991), 344 - 66.
87. Raymond A. Jonas, 'Peasants, Population, and Industry in France', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 22 (Autumn 1991), 177-200.
88. Rick Szostak, The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991).
89. Michael Hanagan, Nascent Proletarians: Class Formation in Post-Revolutionary France (Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell, 1991).
90. Gilles Postel-Vinay and Jean-Marc Robin, 'Eating, Working, and Savings in an Unstable World: Consumers in Nineteenth-Century France', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 45 (August 1992), 494-513.
91. Anne Parella, 'Industrialization and Murder: Northern France, 1815 - 1904', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 22 (Spring 1992), 627 - 54.
92. Roger Magraw, A History of the French Working Class, Vol. I: The Age of Artisan Revolution, 1815-1871; Vol. II: Workers and the Bourgeois Republic, 1871 - 1939 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992).
* 93. Colin Heywood, The Development of the French Economy, 1750 - 1914 (Basingstoke: MacMillan, 1992).
94. Gwynne Lewis, The Advent of Modern Capitalism in France, 1770 - 1840: The Contribution of Pierre-François Tubeuf (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993).
95. Reed G. Geiger, Planning the French Canals: Bureaucracy, Politics, and Enterprise Under the Restoration (Cranbury, NJ: University of Delaware Press, 1994).
96. Frank Dobbin, Forging Industrial Policy: The United States, Britain, and France in the Railway Age (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
97. Gérard Béaur, L'immobilier et la Revolution: Marché de la pierre et mutations urbaines, 1770 - 1810, Cahiers des Annales no. 44 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1994).
98. Bernard Lepetit, The Pre-Industrial Urban System: France, 1740 - 1840, trans. Godfrey Rogers (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
99. Marc Flandreau, L'or du monde: la France et la stabilité du système monétaire international, 1848 - 1873, Études d'économie politique (Paris: Éditions l'Harmattan, 1995).
100. Elinor A. Accampo, Gender and the Politics of Social Reform in France, 1870 - 1914 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
101. Philippe Fontaine, 'The French Economists and Politics, 1750 - 1850: the Science and Art of Political Economy', Canadian Journal of Economics, 29:2 (May 1996), 379-93.
102. George Grantham, 'The French Agricultural Capital Stock, 1789 - 1914', Research in Economic History, 16 (1996).
103. Jean-Pierre Dormais, L'économie française face à la concurrence britannique à la vieille de 1914 (Paris and Montreal: L'Harmattan, 1997).
104. Mette Erjanæs and Karl Gunnar Persson, 'Market Integration and Transport Costs in France, 1825 - 1903: A Threshold Error Correction Approach to the Law of One Price', Explorations in Economic History, 37:2 (April 2000), 149-73.
105. Eugene N. White, 'Making the French Pay: The Costs and Consequences of the Napoleonic Reparations', European Review of Economic History, 5:3 (December 2001), 337-66.
C. The French Economy in the 19th Century: Growth or Stagnation?
1. Shephard Clough, 'Retarditive Factors in French Economic Development in the 19th and 20th Centuries', Journal of Economic History, Supplement, 6 (1946).
2. Rondo Cameron, 'Profit, croissance et stagnation en France au XIXe siècle', Economie appliquée, 10 (1957), 409-44.
** 3. Rondo Cameron, 'Economic Growth and Stagnation in France, 1815-1914', Journal of Modern History, 30 (March 1958), 1-13. Reprinted (with some omissions) in both:
(a) Barry Supple, ed., The Experience of Economic Growth (1963), pp. 328-39;
(b) Sima Lieberman, ed., Europe and the Industrial Revolution (1972), pp. 429-46.
4. Jean Marczewski, 'Some Aspects of the Economic Growth of France, 1660-1958', Economic Development and Cultural Change, 9 (1961).
5. Tom Kemp, 'Structural Factors in the Retardation of French Economic Growth', Kyklos, 15 (1962).
6. Jean Marczewski, 'The Take-Off Hypothesis and French Experience', in W.W. Rostow, ed., The Economics of Take-Off into Sustained Growth (London, 1963).
7. Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, 'La croissance économique en France au XIXe siècle: résultats préliminiares', Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 23 (1968).
8. Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, 'Les processus d'industrialisation: le cas d'Angleterre et de la France', Revue historique, 246 (1968).
9. François Crouzet, 'Essai de construction d'un indice annuel de la production industrielle française au XIXe siècle', Annales: E.S.C., 25 (Jan.-Feb. 1970), 56-99: reprinted in translation as 'An Annual Index of French Industrial Production in the 19th Century', in Rondo Cameron, ed., Essays in French Economic History, (1970), pp. 245-78.
10. Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, 'La déceleration de l'économie française dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle', Revue d'histoire économique et sociale, 49 (1971), 485-507.
11. Robert Anderson, 'Secondary Education in Mid-Nineteenth-Century France: Some Social Aspects', Past and Present, no. 53 (Nov. 1971), 121-46.
12. Shephard B. Clough, 'Retarditive Factors in French Economic growth at the End of the Ancien Régime and during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Periods', in M. Kooey, ed., Studies in Economics and Economic History: Essays in Honor of Harold F. Williamson (Durham, N.C., 1972).
13. François Crouzet, 'Western Europe and Great Britain: Catching Up in the First Half of the 19th Century', in A.J. Youngson, ed., Economic Development in the Long Run (London, 1972).
14. François Crouzet, 'Encore la croissance économique française au 19e siècle', Revue du Nord, 54 (1972).
** 15. François Crouzet, 'French Economic Growth in the Nineteenth Century Reconsidered', History, new ser. 59 (1974), 167-79.
16. T.J. Markovitch, 'La Revolution industrielle: le cas de la France', Revenue d'historie économique et sociale, 52 (1974), 115-25.
* 17. Richard Roehl, 'French Industrialization: A Reconsideration', Explorations in Economic History, 13 (1976), 233-81.
* 18. N.F.R. Crafts, 'Industrial Revolution in England and France: Some Thoughts on the Question: 'Why was England First?' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 30 (1977), 429-41
* 19. Patrick O'Brien and Caglar Keyder, Economic Growth in Britain and France, 1780-1914: Two Paths to the Twentieth Century (London, 1978). Also see below under industry.
20. M.S. Smith, 'Thoughts on the Evolution of the French Capitalist in the Nineteenth Century', Journal of European Economic History, 7 (1978), 139-44.
* 21. D.R. Lect and J.A. Shaw, 'French Economic Stagnation, 1700-1960: Old Economic History Revisited', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 8 (1978), 531-41.
22. Charles Freedeman, 'French Economic and Social History from the Revolution to the 1880's', Journal of Economic History, 38 (1978), 500-06. A review article.
23. Patrick K. O'Brien and Caglar Keyder, 'Les voies de passage vers la société industrielle en Grande-Bretagne et en France, 1780 - 1914', Annales: E.S.C., 34 (Nov. Dec. 1979), 1284-1303.
** 24. N.F.R. Crafts, 'Economic Growth in France and Britain, 1830-1910: A Review of the Evidence', Journal of Economic History, 44 (March 1984), 49-68.
* 25. David R. Weir, 'Life Under Pressure: France and England, 1670- l870', Journal of Economic History, 44 (March 1984), 27-48.
* 26. Roger Price, 'Recent Work on the Economic History of Nineteenth-Century France', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 37 (Aug. 1984), 417-34.
* 27. Rondo Cameron, 'Was England Really Superior to France?' Journal of Economic History, 46 (Dec. 1986), 1031-39.
** 28. Robert Aldrich, 'Late-Comer or Early-Starter? New Views on French Economic History', Journal of European Economic History, 16 (Spring 1987), 89 - 100.
29. Patrick Fridenson and André Straus, eds., Le capitalisme français, XIXe - XXe siècle: Blocages et dynamismes d'une croissance (Paris, 1987).
* 30. Jean Marczewski, 'Economic Fluctuations in France, 1815 - 1938', Journal of European Economic History, 17 (Fall 1988), 259-66.
31. C. Nardinelli, 'Productivity in XIXth Century France and Britain: A Note on the Comparisons', Journal of European Economic History, 17 (Fall 1988), 427-34.
32. Günther Schmitt, 'Agriculture in XIXth Century France and Britain: Another Explanation of International and Intersectoral Productivity Differences', Journal of European Economic History, 19 (Spring 1990), 91 - 115.
33. Rick Szostak, The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991).
* 34. Crafts, 'Macroinventions, Economic Growth, and 'Industrial Revolution' in Britain and France', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:3 (August 1995), 591-98.
* 35. David S. Landes, 'Some Further Thoughts on Accident in History: A Reply to Professor Crafts', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:3 (August 1995), 599-601.
** 36. Patrick K. O'Brien, 'Path Dependency: Or Why Britain Became an Industrialized and Urbanized Economy Long Before France', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 49:2 (May 1996), 213-49.
37. George Grantham, 'The French Cliometric Revolution: A Survey of Cliometric Contributions to French Economic History', European Review of Economic History, 1:3 (December 1997), 353-405.
* 38. Y. Breton and A. Broder-M. Lutfalla, eds., La longue stagnation en France: L'autre grande dépression, 1873 - 1897 (Paris: Economica, 1997).
39. Jean-Pierre Dormais, L'économie française face à la concurrence britannique à la vieille de 1914 (Paris and Montreal: L'Harmattan, 1997).
* 40. Christian Morrisson and Wayne Snyder, 'The Income Inequality of France in Historical Perspective', European Review of Economic History, 4:1 (April 2000), 59-84.
D. French Entrepreneurship: The Landes Thesis: Publications of David Landes
** 1. David Landes, 'French Entrepreneurship and Industrial Growth in the Nineteenth Century', Journal of Economic History, 9 (1949), 45-61. Reprinted (with some omissions) in both:
(a) Barry Supple, ed., The Experience of Economic Growth: Case Studies in Economic Growth (New York, 1963), pp. 340-53.
(b) Sima Lieberman, ed., Europe and the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, Mass. 1972), pp. 397-412.
2. David Landes, 'French Business and Businessmen in Social and Cultural Analysis', in E.M. Earle, ed., Modern France (1951).
3. David Landes, 'Social Attitudes, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Development: A Comment', Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 6 (1954).
4. David S. Landes, 'Vieille banque et banque nouvelle: La révolution financière du XIXe siècle', Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, 3 (Jul-Sept. 1956), 204-22. Republished in translation as 'The Old Bank and the New: The Financial Revolution of the Nineteenth Century', in François Crouzet, W.H. Chaloner, and W.M. Stern, eds., Essays in European Economic History, 1789-1914 (London, 1969), pp. 112-27.
* 5. David Landes, 'New Model Entrepreneurship in France and Problems of Historical Explanations', Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 15 (1963), 56-75.
6. David Landes, 'Religion and Enterprise: the Case of the French Textile Industry', in E.C. Carter, ed., Enterprise and Entrepreneurs in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century France (Baltimore, 1976), pp. 41-86. This essay partly modifies his earlier views.
* 7. David S. Landes, 'Some Further Thoughts on Accident in History: A Reply to Professor Crafts', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:3 (August 1995), 599-601.
E. The Debate over the Landes Thesis: With other Publications on French Entrepreneurship and Business Organization:
1. John E. Sawyer, 'The Entrepreneur and the Social Order: France and the U.S.', in W. Miller, ed., Men in Business (1952).
2. F.B. Hoselitz, 'Entrepreneurship and Capital Formation in France and Britain since 1700', in National Bureau of Economic Research, ed., Capital Formation and Economic Growth (Princeton, 1955).
3. P.W.A. Bamford, 'Entrepreneurship in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century France', Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 9 (1957).
4. Bertand Gille, Recherches sur la formation de la grande entreprise capitaliste, 1815 -1848 (Paris, 1959).
5. Guy Palmade, Capitalisme et capitalistes français au XIXe siècle (Paris: Armand Colin, 1961); translated by Graeme Holmes and republished as French Capitalism in the Nineteenth Century (Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1972), especially Chapter 5, pp. 211-30.
** 6. Charles P. Kindleberger, Economic Growth in France and Britain, 1851-1950 (Cambridge, Mass., 1964), Chapter 6, 'Entrepreneurship', pp. 113-34.
7. Robert Anderson, 'Secondary Education in Mid-Nineteenth-Century France: Some Social Aspects', Past and Present, no. 53 (Nov. 1971), 121-46.
* 8. Claude Fohlen, 'The Industrial Revolution in France, 1700-1914', in Carlo Cipolla, ed., The Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV: The Emergence of Industrial Societies (Part I) (London and New York, 1973), pp. 7-75.
** 9. E.C. Carter, ed., Enterprise and Entrepreneurs in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century France (Baltimore, 1976). See in particular:
(a) Charles P. Kindleberger, 'Technical Education and the French Entrepreneur', pp. 3-40.
(b) David Landes, 'Religion and Enterprise: the Case of the French Textile Industry', pp. 41-86 [partly modifying his earlier views].
(c) Maurice Levy-Leboyer, 'Innovation and Business Strategies in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century France', pp. 87-136.
* 10. Richard Roehl, 'French Industrialization: A Reconsideration', Explorations in Economic History, 13 (1976), 233-81.
An important, seminal article based upon, but in effect reversing for France the theories of Alexander Gerschenkron, as expounded in the following collection, which you should read first [see section I]
11. M.S. Smith, 'Thoughts on the Evolution of the French Capitalist Community in the XIXth Century', Journal of European Economic History, 7 (1978), 139-44.
** 12. Claude Fohlen, 'Entrepreneurship and Management in France in the Nineteenth Century', in Peter Mathias and M. M. Postan, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. VII: The Industrial Economies: Capital, Labour, and Enterprise; Part I: Britain, France, Germany, Scandinavia (Cambridge, 1978), pp. 347-81.
Note: Fohlen's views are a strong attack on those of Landes.
13. M.S. Smith, Tariff Reform in France, 1860-1900: The Politics of Economic Interests (1980).
14. Colin Heywood, 'The Launching of an 'Infant Industry'? The Cotton Industry of Troyes under Protectionism, 1793-1860', Journal of European Economic History, 10 (1981), 553-82.
** 15. Robert Locke, 'French Industrialization: the Roehl Thesis Reconsidered;' and also:
Richard Roehl, 'French Industrialization: A Reply', both in: Explorations in Economic History, 18 (Oct. 1981), 415-33, 434-35. See Roehl (1976) above.
16. Reed Geiger, 'Planning the French Canals: The 'Becquey Plan' of 1820-1822', Journal of Economic History, 44 (June 1984), 329-44.
17. William M. Reddy, The Rise of Market Culture: The Textile Trade and French Society, 1750 - 1900 (Cambridge, 1984).
18. Robert R. Locke, The End of the Practical Man: Higher Education and the Institutionalization of Entrepreneurial Performance in Germany, France, and Great Britain, 1880 to 1940, in the series Industrial Development and the Social Fabric, vol. 7, edited by John McKay (London: JAI Press, 1984).
19. D. M. Gordon, Merchants and Capitalists: Industrialization and Provincial Politics in Mid-Nineteenth-Century France (Birmingham, Alabama, 1985).
20. B. M. Ratcliffe, 'The Business Elite and the Development of Paris: Intervention in Ports and Entrepôts, 1814 - 1834', Journal of European Economic History, 14 (Spring 1985), 95 - 142.
21. Charles Sabel and Jonathan Zeitlin, 'Historical Alternatives to Mass Production: Politics, Markets, and Technology in Nineteenth-Century Industrialization', Past and Present, no. 108 (Aug. 1985), 133-76.
22. Katrina Honeyman and Jordan Goodman, 'Regional Competition and Specialization in the French Worsted Industry, 1810 - 1910: An Aspect of Industrialization in France', Textile History, 17 (Spring 1986), 39 - 50.
23. J. R. Harris, 'Michael Alcock and the Transfer of Birmingham Technology to France Before the Revolution', Journal of European Economic History, 15 (Spring 1986), 7 - 57.
** 24. John Vincent Nye, 'Firm Size and Economic Backwardness: A New Look at the French Industrialization Debate', Journal of Economic History, 47 (Sept. 1987), 649 - 70.
25. Patrick Fridenson and André Straus, eds., Le capitalisme français, XIXe - XXe siècle: Blocages et dynamismes d'une croissance (Paris, 1987).
26. John Vincent Nye, 'Lucky Fools and Cautious Businessmen: On Entrepreneurship and the Measurement of Entrepreneurial Failure', in Joel Mokyr, ed., Festschrift for Jonathan Hughes, Supplement 6 of Research in Economic History (London: JAI Press, 1991).
* 27. Pierre Sicsic, 'Establishment Size and Economies of Scale in 19th-Century France', Explorations in Economic History, 31:4 (October 1994), 453-78.
28. Alceste Santuari, 'The Société Anonyme in France and the French Industrial Revolution, 1815 - 1848', The Journal of European Economic History, 24:3 (Winter 1995), 587-618.
29. Youssef Cassis, François Crouzet, and T. Gourvish, eds., Management and Business in Britain and France: The Age of the Corporate Economy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995).
* 30. Janice Rye Kinghorn and John Vincent Nye, 'The Scale of Production in Western Economic Development: A Comparison of Official Industry Statistics in the United States, Britain, France, and Germany, 1905-1913', Journal of Economic History, 56:1 (March 1996), 90-112.
** 31. James Forman-Peck, Elisa Boccaletti, Tom Nicholas, 'Entrepreneurs and Business Performance in Nineteenth-Century France', European Review of Economic History, 2:3 (December 1998): 235-62.
32. Michel Hau, 'Industrialisation and Culture: The Case of Alsace', The Journal of European Economic History, 29:2-3 (Fall - Winter 2000), 295-06.
F. French Banking, Finance, and Investment from the French Revolution to 1914:
* 1. Jean Bouvier, 'Recherches sur l'histoire des mécanismes bancaires en Frances dans le dernier tiers du XIXe siècle: sources et problèmes', Bulletin du centre de recherches sur l'histoire des enterprises, 4 (Dec. 1955), 1-38 (mimeo); reprinted in Jean Bouvier, Histoire économique et histoire sociale: recherches sur le capitalisme contemporain (Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1968), pp. 93-133. Parts II and III (pp. 106-133) republished in English translation as 'The Banking Mechanism in France in the Late 19th Century', in Rondo Cameron, ed., Essays in French Economic History (Homewood, Illinois, 1970), pp. 341-69.
2. Bertrand Gille, La banque et le crédit en France de 1815 à 1848 (Paris, 1959).
3. David S. Landes, 'Vieille banque et banque nouvelle: la révolution financière du XIXe siècle', Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, 3 (Jul-Sept. 1956), 204-22. Republished in translation as 'The Old Bank and the New: The Financial Revolution of the Nineteenth Century', in François Crouzet, W.H. Chaloner, and W.M. Stern, eds., Essays in European Economic History, 1789-1914 (London, 1969), pp. 112-27.
4. Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, Les banques européennes et l'industrialisation internationale dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle (Paris, 1964).
5. C. Freedeman, 'Joint-Stock Business Organisation in France, 1807 - 1867', Business History Review, 39 (1965).
* 6. Rondo Cameron, 'Banking in France, 1800-1870', in Rondo Cameron, ed., Banking in the Early Stages of Industrialization (1967), pp. 100-28.
7. Jean Bouvier, Naissance d'une banque: le Crédit lyonnais (Paris, 1968).
8. Jean Bouvier, 'Systèmes bancaires et entreprises industrielles dans la croissance européenne au XIXe siècle', Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 27 (Jan-Feb 1972).
9. David F. Good, 'Backwardness and the Role of Banking in 19th-Century European Industrialization', Journal of Economic History, 33 (1973), 845-50.
10. Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, 'Capital Investment and Economic Growth in France, 1820-1930', in Peter Mathias and M. M Postan, eds., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. VII, Part 1: Industrial Economies (1978), pp. 231-95.
11. Bertrand Gille, La banque en France au 19e siècle (Geneva, 1978).
12. C. Freedeman, Joint Stock Enterprise in France 1807 - 1867 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1979).
13. Charles Kindleberger, 'Keynesianism vs. Monetarism in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century France', History of Political Economy, 12 (1980), 499-523. Reprinted in Charles Kindleberger, Keynesianism vs. Monetarism: And Other Essays in Financial History (London, 1985), pp. 41 - 62.
14. Michèle Saint Marc, Histoire monétaire de la France, 1800 - 1980 (Paris, 1983).
15. Charles Kindleberger, 'Michel Chevalier (1806 - 1879), the Economic de Tocqueville', Two Hundred Years of Franco-American Relations, Society for French Historical Studies (October, 1983), pp. 121 - 50. Reprinted in Charles Kindleberger, Keynesianism vs. Monetarism: And Other Essays in Financial History (London, 1985), pp. 25 - 40.
16. Charles Kindleberger, A Financial History of Western Europe (London, 1984), chapter 6, 'French Banking', pp. 95-116.
17. Charles Kindleberger, 'Financial Institutions and Economic Development: A Comparison of Great Britain and France in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries', Explorations in Economic History, 21 (April 1984), 103-24. Reprinted in Charles Kindleberger, Keynesianism vs. Monetarism: And Other Essays in Financial History (London, 1985), pp. 65 - 85.
18. Charles Kindleberger, Keynesianism vs. Monetarism: And Other Essays in Financial History (London, 1985). See in particular:
(a) 'Michel Chevalier (1806 - 1879), the Economic de Tocqueville', pp. 25 - 40. [Paper delivered September 1978 in Newport, Rhode Island, and published in abridged form in Two Hundred Years of Franco-American Relations, Society for French Historical Studies (October, 1983), pp. 121 - 50.]
(b) 'Keynesianism vs. Monetarism in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century France', pp. 41 - 62. [Reprinted from History of Political Economy, 12:4 (Winter 1980), 499 - 523.]
(c) 'Financial Institutions and Economic Development: A Comparison of Great Britain and France in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries', pp. 65 - 85. [Reprinted from Explorations in Economic History, 21 (1984), 103-24.]
(c) 'Integration of Financial Markets: The British and French Experience', pp. 86 - 104. [The Zahid Husain Memorial Lecture No. 6, Karachi 16 May 1983, and published by the State Bank of Pakistan.]
19. Eugene White, 'Was There a Solution to the Ancien Régime's Financial Dilemma?' Journal of Economic History, 49 (September 1989), 545 - 68.
20. Michèle Saint Marc, 'Monetary History in the Long Run: How Are Monetarization and Monetarism Implicated in France, in the U.K., and in the U.S.?' Journal of European Economic History, 18 (Winter 1989), 551 - 82.
21. Hubert Bonin, 'The Case of the French Banks', Rondo Cameron and V. I. Bovykin, eds., International Banking, Foreign Investment, and Industrial Finance, 1870 - 1914 (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
22. Eugene N. White, 'Free Banking during the French Revolution', Explorations in Economic History, 27 (July 1990), 252-76.
23. Michael Bordo and Eugene N. White, 'A Tale of Two Currencies: British and French Finance During the Napoleonic Wars', Journal of Economic History, 51 (June 1991), 303-16.
24. Elise S. Brezis and François H. Crouzet, 'The Role of Assignats during the French Revolution: An Evil or a Rescuer?', The Journal of European Economic History, 24:1 (Spring 1995), 7-40.
25. Shizuya Nishimura, 'The French Provincial Banks, the Banque de France, and Bill Finance, 1890 - 1913', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:3 (August 1995), 536-54.
26. Angela Redish, 'The Persistence of Bimetallism in Nineteenth-Century France', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:4 (Nov. 1995), 717-36.
27. Marc Flandreau, 'Coin Memories: Estimates of the French Metallic Currency, 1840-1878', The Journal of European Economic History, 24:2 (Fall 1995), 271-310.
28. Marc Flandreau, L'or du monde: la France et la stabilité du système monétaire international, 1848 - 1873, Études d'économie politique (Paris: Éditions l'Harmattan, 1995).
29. Marc Flandreau, 'Adjusting to the Gold Rush: Endogenous Bullion Points and the French Balance of Payments, 1846 - 1870', Explorations in Economic History, 33:4 (Oct. 1996), 417-39.
30. Philip Keefer, 'Protection Against a Capricious State: French Investment and Spanish Railroads, 1845 - 1875', Journal of Economic History, 56:1 (March 1996), 170-92.
31. Marc Flandreau, 'The French Crime of 1873: An Essay on the Emergence of the International Gold Standard, 1870 - 1880', Journal of Economic History, 56:4 (December 1996), 862-97.
32. Marc Flandreau, 'Central Bank Cooperation in Historical Perspective: a Skeptical View', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 50:4 (November 1997), 735-63.
33. Elizabeth Paulet, The Role of Banks in Monitoring Firms: the Case of Crédit Mobilier (London and New York: Routledge, 1999).
** 34. Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets: The Political Economy of Credit in Paris, 1660-1870 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
35. Ted Wilson, Battles for the Standard: Bimetallism and the Spread of the Gold Standard in the Nineteenth Century (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2001).
36. Elizabeth Paulet, 'Financing Industry: the Crédit Mobilier in France, 1860-1875', Journal of European Economic History, 31:1 (Spring 2002), 89-112.
G. French Industries and Industrialization in the 19th Century
1. A. Dunham, The Industrial Revolution in France, 1814-1848 (New York, 1955).
2. Claude Fohlen, L'industrie textile au temps du Second Empire (Paris, 1956).
3. Paul Leuillot, 'The Industrial Revolution in France', Journal of Economic History, 17 (1957), 245- [Review article].
4. Charles P. Kindleberger, Economic Growth in France and Britain 1851-1950 (Cambridge, Mass., 1965), chapters 6, 7, 8, 13, 14.
5. T.J. Markovitch, 'L'industrie française de 1789 à 1964: conclusions générales', Cahiers de l'ISEA, ser. AF 6, no. 174 (June 1966) and ser. AF 7, no. 179 (Nov. 1966).
6. Claude Fohlen, 'Charbon et revolution industrielle en France', in Charbon et sciences humaines (Paris, 1966).
7. Marcel Gillet, 'The Coal Age and the Rise of the Coalfields in the North and the Pas de Calais', republished in translation from Charbon et sciences humaines (Paris, 1966) in François Crouzet, W.H. Chaloner, and W.M. Stern, eds., Essays in European Economic History, 1789 - 1914 (London: Edward Arnold, 1969), pp. 179 - 202.
8. J. Vial, L'industrialisation de la sidérugie française, 1814 - 1864, 2 vols. (Paris and The Hague, 1967).
9. Bertrand Gille, La sidérugie française au XIXe siècle (Paris, 1968).
** 10. Richard Roehl, 'French Industrialization: A Reconsideration', Explorations in Economic History, 13 (1976), 233-81.
11. T.J. Markovitch, Histoire des industries françaises, vol. I: Les industries lainières de Colbert jusqu'à la Revolution (Geneva-Paris: Librairie Droz, 1976).
12. Colin Heywood, The Cotton Industry in France, 1750-1850: An Interpretative Essay (London, 1977).
13. P.K. O'Brien and C. Keyder, Economic Growth in Britain and France, 1780-1914 (1978), chapter 6, 'Industries', pp. 146-84.
14. C. Engrand, 'Concurrences et complémentarités des villes et des campagnes: les manufactures picardes de 1780 à 1815', Revue du Nord, 61 (1979), 71-7.
15. Colin Heywood, 'The Launching of an 'Infant Industry?' The Cotton Industry of Troyes under Protectionism, 1793-1860', Journal of European Economic History, 10 (1981), 533-82.
* 16. Robert Locke, 'French Industrialization: the Roehl Thesis Reconsidered', and Richard Roehl, 'French Industrialization: a Reply', both in: Explorations in Economic History, 18 (Oct. 1981), 415-33, 434-35.
17. William M. Reddy, The Rise of Market Culture: The Textile Trade and French Society, 1750 - 1900 (Cambridge, 1984).
18. E. H. Lorenz, 'Two Patterns of Development: The Labour Process in the British and French Shipbuilding Industries, 1880 to 1930', Journal of European Economic History, 13 (Winter 1984), 599 - 634.
19. D. M. Gordon, Merchants and Capitalists: Industrialization and Provincial Politics in Mid-Nineteenth-Century France (Birmingham, Alabama, 1985).
20. J. R. Harris, 'Michael Alcock and the Transfer of Birmingham Technology to France Before the Revolution', Journal of European Economic History, 15 (Spring 1986), 7 - 57.
21. Katrina Honeyman and Jordan Goodman, 'Regional Competition and Specialization in the French Worsted Industry, 1810 - 1910: An Aspect of Industrialization in France', Textile History, 17 (Spring 1986), 39 - 50.
** 22. John Vincent Nye, 'Firm Size and Economic Backwardness: A New Look at the French Industrialization Debate', Journal of Economic History, 47 (Sept. 1987), 649 - 70.
23. Herman Lebovics, The Alliance of Iron and Wheat in the Third French Republic, 1860 - 1914: Origins of the New Conservatism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988).
24. Donald Cox and John Vincent Nye, 'Male-Female Wage Discrimination in Nineteenth-Century France', Journal of Economic History, 49 (December 1989), 883 - 920.
25. B. M. Ratcliffe, 'Bureaucracy and Early French Railroads: the Myth and the Reality', Journal of European Economic History, 18 (Fall 1989), 331 - 70.
26. Judith Eisenberg Vichniac, The Management of Labor: The British and French Iron Industries, 1860 - 1918, in the series Industrial Development and the Social Fabric, Vol. 10, edited by John McKay (London: JAI Press, 1990).
27. Serge Chassagne, Le coton et ses patrons: France, 1760 - 1840, Civilisations et sociétés vol. 83 (Paris: Editions EHESS, 1991).
28. Raymond A. Jonas, 'Peasants, Population, and Industry in France', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 22 (Autumn 1991), 177-200.
29. Anne Parella, 'Industrialization and Murder: Northern France, 1815 - 1904', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 22 (Spring 1992), 627 - 54.
30. P. Z. Grossman, 'Measurement and Assessment of Coal Consumption in Nineteenth-Century European Economies: A Note', Journal of European Economic History, 22:2 (Fall 1993), 333-8.
31. François Caron, 'Les incertitudes de l'investissement: les chemins de fer en France dans les années 1830', in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 235-46.
32. François Crouzet, 'Dynasties de maîtres de forges', in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 335-44.
33. Colin Heywood, 'Cotton Hosiery in Troyes, c. 1860-1914: A Case Study in French Industrialization', Textile History, 25:2 (Autumn 1994), 167-84.
34. B.M. Ratcliffe, 'Manufacturing in the Metropolis: The Dynamism and Dynamics of Parisian Industry in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', Journal of European Economic History, 23:2 (Fall 1994), 263-328.
35. Christopher H. Johnson, The Life and Death of Industrial Languedoc, 1700 - 1920 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
36. Janice Rye Kinghorn and John Vincent Nye, 'The Scale of Production in Western Economic Development: A Comparison of Official Industry Statistics in the United States, Britain, France, and Germany, 1905-1913', Journal of Economic History, 56:1 (March 1996), 90-112.
37. Thierry Magnac and Gilles Postel-Vinay, 'Wage-Competition between Agriculture and Industry in Mid-Nineteenth Century France', Explorations in Economic History, 34:1 (January 1997), 1-26.
38. Mette Erjanæs and Karl Gunnar Persson, 'Market Integration and Transport Costs in France, 1825 - 1903: A Threshold Error Correction Approach to the Law of One Price', Explorations in Economic History, 37:2 (April 2000), 149-73.
39. Michel Hau, 'Industrialisation and Culture: The Case of Alsace', The Journal of European Economic History, 29:2-3 (Fall - Winter 2000), 295-06.
H. French Foreign Trade, Colonialism, and Commercial Policies, 1815 - 1914
1. A. L. Dunham, The Anglo-French Treaty of Commerce of 1860 and the Progress of the Industrial Revolution in France (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1930).
2. H. D. White, The French International Accounts, 1880-1914 (Cambridge, Mass., 1933).
3. F. A. Haight, A History of French Commercial Policies (New York, 1941).
4. J. Ganiage, L'expansion coloniale de la France sous la Troisième Republique, 1871 - 1914 (Paris, 1968).
5. Tom Kemp, 'Tariff Policy and French Economic Growth, 1815 - 1914', Revue international d'histoire de la banque, 12 (1976).
6. Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, La position internationale de la France: aspects économiques et financiers XIXe et XXe siècles (Paris, 1977).
7. M.S. Smith, Tariff Reform in France, 1860 - 1900 (Ithaca and London, 1980).
8. John Vincent Nye, 'The Myth of Free-Trade Britain and Fortress France: Tariffs and Trade in the Nineteenth Century', Journal of Economic History, 51 (March 1991), 23 - 46.
9. John Vincent Nye, 'Changing French Trade Conditions, National Welfare, and the 1860 Anglo-French Treaty of Commerce', Explorations in Economic History, 28 (October 1991), 460-77.
10. John Vincent Nye, 'Changing French Trade Conditions, National Welfare, and the 1860 Anglo-French Treaty of Commerce', Explorations in Economic History, 28 (October 1991), 460-77.
11. Douglas A. Irwin, 'Free Trade and Protection in Nineteenth-Century Britain and France Revisited: A Comment on Nye', The Journal of Economic History, 53 (March 1993), 146 - 52.
12. John Vincent Nye, 'Reply to Irwin on Free Trade', The Journal of Economic History, 53 (March 1993), 153 - 58.
13. Philip Keefer, 'Protection Against a Capricious State: French Investment and Spanish Railroads, 1845 - 1875', Journal of Economic History, 56:1 (March 1996), 170-92.
14. Catherine Manning, Fortunes à Faire: The French in Asian Trade, Variorum Collected Studies Series (London and Brookfield, 1996).
III. GERMANY
A. The German Economy in the Nineteenth Century: General Readings:
1. Thorstein Veblen, Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution (1915; reissued New York, 1954), Chapter 3, 'The Dynastic State', pp. 52-87; Chapter 5, 'Imperial Germany', pp. 150-73.
* 2. John Clapham, Economic Development of France and Germany, 1815-1914 (London, 1921; reissued 1963), pp. 1-6, 29-36, 83-88. A classic study, still well worth reading.
3. W. O. Henderson, 'The Rise of German Industry', Economic History Review, 1st ser. 6 (1935).
4. W. O. Henderson, The Zollverein (Cambridge, 1939).
5. A. H. Price, The Evolution of the Zollverein: A Study of the Ideas and Institutions Leading to the German Economic Unification between 1815 and 1833 (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1949).
6. W. O. Henderson, 'Prince Smith and Free Trade in Germany', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 2 (1950), 295-302.
7. W. O. Henderson, 'The Genesis of the Industrial Revolution in France and Germany in the Eighteenth Century', Kyklos, 9 (1956).
8. Hans Mottek, Wirtschaftsgeschichte Deutschlands: Ein Grundriss, 2 vols. (East Berlin, 1957-64).
9. Gerhard Bry, Wages in Germany, 1871 - 1945 (Princeton, 1960).
10. W. O. Henderson, The Industrial Revolution on the Continent: Germany, France, and Russia, 1800-1914 (1961), Chapter 3, pp. 13-74
11. Wolfgang Köllmann, 'The Population of Germany in the Age of Industrialism', translated by Herbert Moller and republished from Deutsche Gesellschaft für Bevölkerungswissenschaft: Mitteilungen, 27 (Nov. 1962), 55-69 (with omissions) in Herbert Moller, ed., Population Movements in Modern European History (New York, 1964), pp. 100-07.
12. Ivo N. Lambi, Free Trade and Protection in Germany, 1868 - 1879 (Wiesbaden, 1963).
13. Walther Hoffmann, 'The Take-Off in Germany', in W. W. Rostow, ed., The Economics of Take-Off into Self-Sustained Growth (New York and London, 1963).
14. Walther G. Hoffmann, et al, Das Wachstum der deutschen Wirtschaft seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 1965).
15. Friedrich Lütge, Deutsche Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 3rd edn. (Berlin and New York, 1966).
16. K. E. Born, ed., Moderne deutsche Wirtschaftsgeschichte (Cologne and Berlin, 1966).
17. H. Mauersberg, Deutsche Industrien im Zeitgeschehen eines Jahrhunderts, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1966).
18. Ashok V. Desai, Real Wages in Germany, 1871 - 1913 (London, 1968).
19. Richard Tilly, 'Soll und Haben: Recent German Economic History and the Problem of Economic Development', The Journal of Economic History, 29 (1969).
20. Knut Borchardt, The Industrial Revolution in Germany (London, 1970).
21. Wolfram Fischer, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im Zeitalter der Industrialisierung (Göttingen, 1972). A collection of his essays.
22. Karl Hardach, 'Some Remarks on German Economic Historiography and its Understanding of the Industrial Revolution in Germany', Journal of European Economic History, 1 (1972).
23. F. W. Hennig, Die Industrialisierung in Deutschland, 1800 - 1914 (Paderborn, 1973).
24. Knut Borchardt, 'The Industrial Revolution in Germany, 1700-1914', in C. Cipolla, ed., Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV: Emergence of Industrial Societies (1973) Part I, Chapter 2, pp. 76-160.
* 25. Alan Milward and S.B. Saul, The Economic Development of Continental Europe, 1780-1870 (London, 1973), Chapter 6, pp. 365-95.
26. John E. Knodel, The Decine of Fertility in Germany, 1871 - 1939 (Princeton, 1974).
27. W. O. Henderson, The Rise of German Industrial Power, 1834 - 1914 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1975).
28. Alan Milward and S.B. Saul, Development of the Economies of Continental Europe, 1850-1914 (1977), chapter 1.
29. Martin Kitchen, The Political Economy of Germany, 1815-1914 (1978).
30. Peter Mathias and M.M. Postan, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. II: The Industrial Economies: Capital, Labour, and Enterprise, Part i: Britain, France, Germany, and Scandinavia (Cambridge University Press, 1978):
a) R. H. Tilly, 'Capital Formation in Germany in the Nineteenth Century', pp. 382 - 441.
b) J. J. Lee, 'Labour in German Industrialization', pp. 442 - 491.
c) Jürgen Kocka, 'Entrepreneurs and Managers in German Industrialization', pp. 492 - 589.
* 31. Clive Trebilcock, The Industrialization of th*e Continental Powers, 1780-1914 (London, 1981), chapter 2, 'Germany', pp. 22-111.
32. H. W. Hahn, Geschichte des deutschen Zollvereins (Göttingen, 1984).
33. W. E. Mosse, Jews in the German Economy: The German-Jewish Economic Elite, 1820 - 1935 (Oxford, 1987).
34. John E. Knodel, Demographic Behaviour in the Past: A Study of Fourteen German Village Populations in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Cambridge University Press, 1988).
35. Rolf Dumke, 'Income Inequality and Industrialization in Germany', in Paul Uselding, ed., Research in Economic History, 11 (1988).
36. Hubert Kiesewetter, Industrielle Revolution in Deutschland, 1815 - 1914 (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1989).
37. Peter Mathias and Sidney Pollard, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. VIII: The Industrial Economies: The Development of Economic and Social Policies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989):
a) Paul Bairoch, 'European Trade Policy, 1815 - 1914', pp. 1 - 160.
b) A. G. Ford, 'International Financial Policy and the Gold Standard, 1870 - 1914', pp. 197 - 249.
c) D. E. Schremmer, 'Taxation and Public Finance: Britain, France, and Germany', pp. 315 - 494.
d) G. V. Rimlinger, 'Labour and the State on the Continent, 1800 - 1939', pp. 549 - 606.
e) Volker Hentschel, 'German Economic and Social Policy, 1815 - 1939', pp. 752 - 813.
38. R. H. Tilly, Vom Zollverein zum Industriestaat: Die wirtschaftlich-soziale Entwicklung Deutschlands 1834 bis 1914 (Munich, 1990).
39. John Komlos, 'Height and Social Status in Eighteenth-Century Germany', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 20 (Spring 1990), 607 - 22.
40. Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), chapter 6, 'The Later Nineteenth Century: 1830-1914', pp. 113-48; chapter 10, 'The Industrial Revolution: Britain and Europe', pp. 239-69.
41. Knut Borchardt, Perspectives on Modern German Economic History and Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
42. Richard Tilly, 'Germany', in Richard Sylla and Gianni Toniolo, eds., Patterns of European Industrialisation: the Nineteenth Century (London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 175 - 96.
43. Niek Koning, The Failure of Agrarian Capitalism: Agrarian Politics in the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and the USA, 1846 - 1919 (London: Routledge, 1994).
44. Dick Hoerder and Jor Nagler, eds., People in Transit: German Migrations in Comparative Perspective, 1820 - 1930 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
45. Gary Herrigel, Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power, Structual Analysis in the Social Sciences vol. 9 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
46. Sheilagh Ogilvie, ed., Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 2: 1630 - 1900 (London and New York: Arnold, 1996).
a) Jörn Sieglerschmidt, 'Social and Economic Landscapes', pp. 1-38.
b) Ernest Benz, 'Population Change and the Economy', pp. 39-62.
c) Heide Wunder, 'Agriculture and Agricultural Society', pp. 63-99.
d) Peter Kriedte, 'Trade', pp. 100-33.
e) Olaf Mörke, 'Social Structure', pp. 134-63.
f) Robert von Friedeburg and Wolfgang Mager, 'Learned Men and Merchants: The Growth of the Bürgertum', pp. 164-95.
g) Paul Münch, 'The Growth of the Modern State', pp. 196-232.
h) Bernhard Stier and Wolfgang von Hippel, 'War, Economy, and Society', pp. 233-62.
i) Sheilagh Ogilvie, 'The Beginnings of Industrialization', pp. 263-308.
j) Kasper von Greyerz, 'Confession as a Social and Economic Factor', pp. 309-49.
k) Ernst Schubert, 'Daily Life, Consumption, and Material Culture', pp. 350-76.
l) Robert Jütte, 'Poverty and Poor Relief', pp. 377-404.
47. Terence McIntosh, Urban Decline in Early Modern Germany: Schwäbisch Hall and Its Region, 1650 - 1750 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
48. S. N. Broadberry, 'Anglo-German Productivity Differences, 1870 - 1990: A Sectoral Analysis', European Review of Economic History, 1:2 (August 1997), 247-67.
49. Y. Goo Park, 'Depression and Capital Formation: the United Kingdom and Germany, 1873 - 1896', The Journal of European Economic History, 26:3 (Winter 1997), 511-34.
50. John Komlos and Scott Eddie, eds., Selected Cliometric Studies on German Economic History (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1997).
* 51 Stephen N. Broadberry, 'How did the United States and Germany Overtake Britain? A Sectoral Analysis of Comparative Productivity Levels, 1870 - 1990', Journal of Economic History, 58:2 (June 1998), 375-407.
52. Jeffrey S. Richter, 'Infanticide, Child Abandonment, and Abortion in Imperial Germany', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 28:4 (Spring 1998), 511-51.
53. Stephan Klasen, 'Marriage, Bargaining, and Intrahousehold Resource Allocation: Excess Female Mortality among Adults during Early German Development, 1740 - 1860', Journal of Economic History, 58:2 (June 1998), 432-67.
54. Simone A. Wegge, 'Chain Migration and Information Networks: Evidence from Nineteenth-Century Hesse-Cassel', Journal of Economic History, 58:4 (December 1998), 957-87.
55. Simone A. Wegge, 'To Part or Not to Part: Emigration and Inheritance in Institutions in Nineteenth-Century Hesse-Cassel', Explorations in Economic History, 36:1 (January 1999), 30-55.
56. Jörg Vögele, Urban Mortality Change in England and Germany, 1870 - 1913 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999).
57. Steve Hochstadt, Mobility and Modernity: Migration in Germany, 1820 - 1989 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999).
58. Jürgen Kocka, Industrial Culture and Bourgeois Society: Business, Labour, and Bureaucracy in Modern Germany (New York and Oxford: Berghan, 1999).
59. Robert Lee, 'Urban Labor Markets, In-Migration, and Demographic Growth: Bremen, 1815 - 1914', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 30:3 (Winter 1999), 437-74.
60. Gary Herrigel, Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
61. Richard Tilly, 'German Economic History and Cliometrics: A Selective Survey of Recent Tendencies', European Review of Economic History, 5:2 (August 2001), 151-188. [Special Issue on German Cliometrics, edited by John Komlos, Scott Eddie, and Stephen Broadberry.]
62. John C. Brown and Gerhard Neumeir, 'Job Tenure and Labour Market Dynamics during High Industrialization: The Case of Germany Before World War I', European Review of Economic History, 5:2 (August 2001), 189-218. [Special Issue on German Cliometrics, edited by John Komlos, Scott Eddie, and Stephen Broadberry.]
63. Adam Klug, 'Why Chamberlain Failed and Bismarck Succeeded: The Political Economy of Trade Tariffs in British and German Elections', European Review of Economic History, 5:2 (August 2001), 219-50. [Special Issue on German Cliometrics, edited by John Komlos, Scott Eddie, and Stephen Broadberry.]
64. Walter Bauernfeind, Michael Reutter and Ulrich Woitek',Rational Investment Behaviour and Seasonality in Early Modern Grain Prices', European Review of Economic History, 5:2 (August 2001), 281-98. [Special Issue on German Cliometrics, edited by John Komlos, Scott Eddie, and Stephen Broadberry.]
65. Terence McIntosh, 'Urban Demographic Stagnation in Early Modern Germany: A Simulation', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 31:4 (Spring 2001), 581-612.
B. German Industrialization: Entrepreneurship and Cartels:
* 1. David Landes, 'Entrepreneurship in Advanced Industrial Countries: The Anglo-German Rivalry', in Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth, Harvard Research Center in Entrepreneurial History (Cambridge, Mass., 1954).
2. Fritz Redlich, 'Entrepreneurship in the Initial Stages of Industrialization, with Special Reference to Germany', Conference on Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth (New York, 1954).
* 3. Alexander Gerschenkron, 'Social Attitudes, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Development', in Leon H. Dupriez, ed., Economic Progress: Papers and Proceedings of a Round Table Held by the International Economic Association (Leuven, 1955); reprinted in his Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (New York, 1962), pp. 52-71.
4. H. Hartmann, Education for Business Leadership: The Role of the German 'Hochschulen' (Paris, 1955).
5. J. J. Beer, The Emergence of the German Dye Industry (Urbana, Illinois, 1959).
6. Herbert Kisch, 'The Textile Industries in Silesia and the Rhineland: A Comparative Study in Industrialization', The Journal of Economic History, 19 (1959), 541-64.
* 7. David Landes, 'The Structure of Enterprise in the Nineteenth Century: Great Britain and Germany', Rapports du XIe Congrès International des Sciences Historiques, Vol. V: Histoire Contemporaine (Stockholm, 1960), pp. 107-28. Reprinted in David Landes, ed., The Rise of Capitalism (New York, 1966), pp. 99-110.
8. Herbert Kisch, 'Growth Deterrants of a Medieval Heritage: The Aachen Area Woolen Trades Before 1790', Journal of Economic History, 24 (1964).
* 9. Erich Maschke, 'Outline of the History of German Cartels from 1873 to 1914', translated from Vortragsreihe der Gesellschaft für Westfälische Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 10 (1964), and republished in François Crouzet, W.H. Chaloner, and W.M. Stern, eds. Essays in European Economic History, 1789-1914 (London: Edward Arnold, 1969), pp. 226-58.
10. H. Mauersberg, Deutsche Industrien im Zeitgeschehen eines Jahrhunderts, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1966).
* 11. Gerhard Adelmann, 'Structural Changes in the Rhenish Linen and Cotton Trades at the Outset of Industrialization', translated from Vierteljahrschrfit für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgescichte, 53 (July 1966), and republished in François Crouzet, W. H.Chaloner, and W. M. Stern, eds., Essays in European Economic History, 1789-1914 (London: Edward Arnold, 1969), pp. 82-97.
12. David Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (Cambridge, Mass. 1969), Chapter 4, 'Closing the Gap', especially pp. 326-58.
13. Jurgen Kocka, 'Family and Bureaucracy in German Industrial Management', Business History Review, 45 (1971).
14. J. Kermann, Die Manufaktur im Rheinland, 1750 - 1833 (Bonn, 1972).
15. F. W. Hennig, Die Industrialisierung in Deutschland, 1800 - 1914 (Paderborn, 1973).
16. Richard Tilly, 'The Growth of Large-Scale Enterprise in Germany since the Middle of the Nineteenth Century', in Herman Daems and Herman Van der Wee, eds., The Rise of Managerial Capitalism (The Hague, 1974).
17. Rainer Fremdling, 'Railroads and German Economic Growth: A Leading Sector Analysis with a Comparison to the United States and Great Britain', Journal of Economic History, 37 (1977), 583-604.
** 18. Charles P. Kindleberger, Economic Response: Comparative Studies in Trade, Finance, and Growth (Cambridge, Mass. 1978), Chapter 7: 'Germany's Overtaking of England, 1806 to 1914', pp. 185-236.
* 19. Jürgen Kocka, 'Entrepreneurs and Managers in German Industrialization', in Peter Mathias and M. M. Postan, eds., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. VII: The Industrial Economies: Capital, Labour, and Enterprise (Part I), (Cambridge, 1978), pp. 492 - 589.
* 20. Robert C. Allen, 'International Competition in Iron and Steel, 1850-1913', Journal of Economic History, 39 (1979), 911-38.
* 21. Steven B. Webb, 'Tariffs, Cartels, Technology, and Growth in the German Steel Industry, 1879 to 1914', Journal of Economic History, 40 (1980), 309-30.
22. Walther Kirchner, 'Russian Tariffs and Foreign Industries Before 1914: the German Entrepreneur's Perspective', Journal of Economic History, 41 (1981), 361-79.
23. Robert R. Locke, The End of the Practical Man: Higher Education and the Institutionalization of Entrepreneurial Performance in Germany, France, and Great Britain, 1880 to 1940, in the series Industrial Development and the Social Fabric, vol. 7, edited by John McKay (London: JAI Press, 1984).
24. Lon L. Peters, 'Managing Competition in German Coal, 1893 - 1913', Journal of Economic History, 49 (June 1989), 419 - 33.
25. W. Troesken, 'A Note on the Efficacy of the German Steel and Coal Syndicates', Journal of European Economic History, 18 (Winter 1989), 595 - 600.
26. Herbert Kisch, From Domestic Manufacture to Industrial Revolution: The Case of the Rhineland Textile Districts (London: Oxford University Press, 1989).
27. Hubert Kiesewetter, Industrielle Revolution in Deutschland, 1815 - 1914 (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1989).
28. John Perkins, 'The Organisation of German Industry, 1850 - 1930: The Case of Beet-Sugar Production', Journal of European Economic History, 19 (Winter 1990), 549 - 74.
* 29. Hubert Kiesewetter, 'Competition for Wealth and Power: The Growing Rivalry between Industrial Britain and Industrial Germany, 1815 - 1914', Journal of European Economic History, 20 (Fall 1991), 271 - 299.
30. W. R. Lee, ed., German Industry and German Industrialization: Essays in German Economic and Business History in the Nineteenth Century (London and New York: Routledge, 1991).
31. John C. Brown, 'Market Organization, Protection, and Vertical Integration: German Cotton Textiles Before 1914', The Journal of Economic History, 52 (June 1992), 339 - 51.
32. Eric Dorn Brose, The Politics of Technological Change in Prussia: Out of the Shadow of Antiquity, 1809 - 1848 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
33. Collen A. Dunlavy, Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
** 34. Harmut Berghoff and Roland Möller, 'Tired Pioneers and Dynamic Newcomers? A Comparative Essay on English and German Entrepreneurial History, 1870 - 1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 47:2 (May 1994), 262-87.
35. Ulrich Wengenroth, Enterprise and Technology: the German and British Steel Industries, 1865 - 1895, translated by Sarah Hanbury Tenison (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
36. Wolfram Fischer, 'Entrepreneurs as Scientists, Scientists as Entrepreneurs', in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 553-62.
37. Wilfried Feldenkirchen, Werner von Siemens: Inventor and International Entrepreneur (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1994).
38. Robert Fox and Anna Guagnini, 'Starry Eyes and Harsh Realities: Education, Research, and the Electrical Engineer in Europe, 1880-1914', Journal of European Economic History, 23:1 (Spring 1994), 69 - 92.
39. John C. Brown, 'Imperfect Competition and Anglo-German Trade Rivalry: Markets for Cotton Textiles before 1914', Journal of Economic History, 55:3 (September 1995), 494-527.
40. Niall Ferguson, Paper and Iron: Hamburg Business and German Politics in the Era of Inflation, 1897 - 1927 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
* 41. Janice Rye Kinghorn and John Vincent Nye, 'The Scale of Production in Western Economic Development: A Comparison of Official Industry Statistics in the United States, Britain, France, and Germany, 1905-1913', Journal of Economic History, 56:1 (March 1996), 90-112.
42. H.G. Schröter, 'Cartelization and Decartelization in Europe, 1870 - 1995: Rise and Decline of an Economic Institution', The Journal of European Economic History, 25:1 (Spring 1996), 129-53.
** 43. Jeremy Edwards and Sheilagh Ogilvie, 'Universal Banks and German Industrialization: A Re-Appraisal', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 49:3 (August 1996), 427-46.
44. Rainer Fremdling, 'Anglo-German Rivalry in Coal Markets in France, the Netherlands and Germany, 1850-1913', The Journal of European Economic History, 25:3 (Winter 1996), 599-46.
45. Herman Freudenberger, 'The Linz-Budweis Railways: Technology, Science and the Economy', The Journal of European Economic History, 26:2 (Fall 1997), 239-68.
** 46. Stephen N. Broadberry, 'Anglo-German Productivity Differences, 1870 - 1990: A Sectoral Analysis', European Review of Economic History, 1:2 (August 1997), 247-67.
* 47. Y. Goo Park, 'Depression and Capital Formation: the United Kingdom and Germany, 1873 - 1896', The Journal of European Economic History, 26:3 (Winter 1997), 511-34.
48. Sheilagh C. Ogilvie, State Corporatism and Proto-Industry: The Württemberg Black Forest, 1580 - 1797, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time no. 33 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997). On the worsted textile industry of SW Germany.
* 49. Stephen N. Broadberry, 'How did the United States and Germany Overtake Britain? A Sectoral Analysis of Comparative Productivity Levels, 1870 - 1990', Journal of Economic History, 58:2 (June 1998), 375-407.
50. James M. Brophy, Capitalism, Politics, and Railroads in Prussia, 1830 - 1870 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1998).
* 51. Caroline Fohlin, 'The Rise of Interlocking Directorates in Imperial Germany', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 52:2 (May 1999), 307-33.
52. Wolfgang Krause and Douglas J. Puffert, 'Chemicals, Strategy and Tariffs: Tariff Policy and the Soda Industry in Imperial Germany', European Review of Economic History, 4:3 (December 2000), 285-310.
53. Horst A. Wessel, 'Mannesmann 1890: A European Enterprise with an International Perspective', The Journal of European Economic History, 29:2-3 (Fall - Winter 2000), 335-56.
* 54. Gary Herrigel, Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
C. The State and Economic Policies in Germany:
1. W. H. Dawson, Social Insurance in Germany, 1883 - 1911 (London, 1912).
2. Herbert Feis, Europe, The World's Banker, 1870-1914 (1930: reissued 1965), Chapter VI: 'Finance and Government in Germany', pp. 160-90.
3. W. O. Henderson, The Zollverein (Cambridge, 1939).
4. A. H. Price, The Evolution of the Zollverein: A Study of the Ideas and Institutions Leading to the German Economic Unification between 1815 and 1833 (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1949).
5. W. O. Henderson, 'Prince Smith and Free Trade in Germany', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 2 (1950), 295-302.
* 6. G. H. Bowen, 'The Roles of Government and Private Enterprise in German Industrial Growth', Journal of Economic History, 10 (1950), Supplement: pp. 68-81.
7. W. O. Henderson, The State and the Industrial Revolution in Prussia, 1740-1870 (London, 1958).
8. William N. Parker, 'National States and National Development: A Comparison of Elements in French and German Development in the Late Nineteenth Century', in Hugh G. Aitken, ed., The State and Economic Growth (New York, 1959).
9. Ivo N. Lambi, Free Trade and Protection in Germany, 1868 - 1879 (Wiesbaden, 1963).
** 10. Wolfram Fischer, 'Government Activity and Industrialization in Germany, 1815-1870', in W. W. Rostow, ed., The Economics of Take-Off into Sustained Growth (London, 1963), pp. 83-94 and 344-54 (discussion); reprinted in Sima Lieberman, ed., Europe and the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), pp. 447-58.
* 11. Richard Tilly, 'Public Finance and the Industrialization of Prussia, 1815-1866', Journal of Economic History, 26 (1966). See also:
Richard Tilly, 'Public Finance and the Industrialization of Prussia, 1815 - 1866: A Correction', The Journal of Economic History, 27 (1967), 391-92.
12. Manfred D. Jankowski, 'Law, Economic Policy, and Private Enterprise: The Case of the Early Ruhr Mining Region, 1766-1865', Journal of European Economic History, 2 (1973), 688-728.
13. W. R. Lee, 'Tax Structure and Economic Growth in Germany, 1750-1850', Journal of European Economic History, 4 (1975), 153-78.
14. Hans Joachim Braun, 'Economic Theory and Policy in Germany, 1750-1850', Journal of European Economic History, 4 (1975), 301-22.
* 15. Wolfram Fischer, 'The Strategy of Public Investment in XIXth Century Germany', Journal of European Economic History, 6 (1977), 431-42.
16. Rainer Fremdling, 'Freight Rates and State Budgets: The Role of the National Prussian Railways, 1880-93', Journal of European Economic History, 9 (1980), 21-39.
17. Frank B. Tipton, 'Government Policy and Economic Development in Germany and Japan: A Sceptical Re-evaluation', Journal of Economic History, 41 (1981), 139-50.
* 18. Jürgen Kocka, 'Capitalism and Bureaucracy in German Industrialization before 1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 34 (Aug. 1981), 453-68.
* 19. J. A. Perkins, 'Fiscal Policy and Economic Development in XIXth Century Germany', Journal of European Economic History, 13 (Fall 1984), 311-44.
20. H. W. Hahn, Geschichte des deutschen Zollvereins (Göttingen, 1984).
21. Andres Sommariva and Giuseppe Tullio, German Macroeconomic History: 1880 - 1979: A Study of the Effects of Economic Policy on Inflation, Currency, Depreciation, and Growth (New York, 1987).
* 22. W. R. Lee, 'Economic Development and the State in Nineteenth-Century Germany', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 41 (Aug. 1988), 346-67.
23. Peter Mathias and Sidney Pollard, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. VIII: The Industrial Economies: The Development of Economic and Social Policies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989):
(a) Paul Bairoch, 'European Trade Policy, 1815 - 1914', pp. 1 - 160.
(b) A. G. Ford, 'International Financial Policy and the Gold Standard, 1870 - 1914', pp. 197 - 249.
(c) D. E. Schremmer, 'Taxation and Public Finance: Britain, France, and Germany', pp. 315 - 494.
(d) G. V. Rimlinger, 'Labour and the State on the Continent, 1800 - 1939', pp. 549 - 606.
(e) Volker Hentschel, 'German Economic and Social Policy, 1815 - 1939', pp. 752 - 813.
24. Collen A. Dunlavy, Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
25. Niek Koning, The Failure of Agrarian Capitalism: Agrarian Politics in the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and the USA, 1846 - 1919 (London: Routledge, 1994).
26. James M. Brophy, Capitalism, Politics, and Railroads in Prussia, 1830 - 1870 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1998).
D. German Banking, Financial Organization, and Cartels:
1. E. Riesser, Die deutschen Grossbanken und ihre Konzentration, 3rd edn. (Jena, 1910). A classic study.
2. Richard Tilly, Financial Institutions and Industrialization in the Rhineland, 1815-1870 (University of Wisconsin Press, 1966).
* 3. Richard Tilly, 'Germany, 1815-1870', in Rondo Cameron, ed., Banking in the Early Stages of Industrialization (1967), pp. 151-82.
4. David F. Good, 'Backwardness and the Role of Banking in 19th-Century European Industrialization', Journal of Economic History, 33 (1973), 845-50.
5. Hugh Neuberger and H.H. Stokes, 'German Banks and German Growth, 1883-1913: An Empirical View', Journal of Economic History, 34 (1974), 710-31.
6. John Komlos, 'The Kreditbanken and German Growth: A Postscript', and Hugh Neuberger and H.H. Stokes, 'German Banks and German Growth: Reply to Komlos', and John Komlos, 'Rejoinder', all in Journal of Economic History, 38 (1978), 476-80, 480-82, 483-6.
7. Richard Tilly, 'Capital Formation in Germany in the Nineteenth Century', in Peter Mathias and M. M. Postan, eds., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. VII, part 1: The Industrial Economies (Cambridge, 1978), pp. 382-441.
8. Richard Tilly, 'Mergers, External Growth, and Finance in the Development of Large-Scale Enterprise in Germany, 1880-1913', Journal of Economic History, 42 (Sept. 1982), 629-58.
9. Charles P. Kindleberger, A Financial History of Western Europe (London, 1984), chapter 7, 'German Banking', pp. 117-35.
10. Richard H. Tilly, 'German Banking, 1850-1914: Development Assistance for the Strong', Journal of European Economic History, 15 (1986), 113-181.
11. Richard Tilly, 'International Aspects of the Development of German Banking', in Rondo Cameron and V. I. Bovykin, eds., International Banking, Foreign Investment, and Industrial Finance, 1870 - 1914 (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
12. M. June Flanders, International Monetary Economics, 1870 - 1960: Between the Classical and the New Classical (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
* 13. Jeremy Edwards and Sheilah Ogilvie, 'Universal Banks and German Industrialization: A Reappraisal', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 49:3 (August 1996), 427-46.
14. Simone A. Wegge, 'Chain Migration and Information Networks: Evidence from Nineteenth-Century Hesse-Cassel', Journal of Economic History, 58:4 (December 1998), 957-87.
* 15. Caroline Fohlin, 'The Rise of Interlocking Directorates in Imperial Germany', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 52:2 (May 1999), 307-33.
* 16. Caroline Fohlin, 'Universal Banking in Pre-World War I Germany: Model or Myth?', Explorations in Economic History, 36:4 (October 1999), 305-43.
17. Carl-Ludwig Holtfrerich, Frankfurt as a Financial Centre: From Medieval Trade Fair to European Financial Centre (Munich: C.H. Beck, 1999).
* 18. Caroline Fohlin, 'Regulation, Taxation, and the Development of the German Universal Banking System, 1884 - 1913', European Review of Economic History, 6:2 (August 2002), 221-54.
IV. GREAT BRITAIN
A. Textbooks and General Surveys on British Economic History, 1850 - 1914:
1. John H. Clapham, Economic History of Modern Britain, Vol. II: Free Trade and Steel, 1850 - 1886 (Cambridge, 1932; republished 1963), chapter III: 'The Course of Industrial Change', pp. 47 - 113. A classic study.
* 2. John H. Clapham, Economic History of Modern Britain, Vol. III: Machines and National Rivalries, 1887-1914 (Cambridge, 1938; republished 1963), chapter III: 'The Course of Industrial Change', pp. 121-200. A classic study also.
3. G. P. Jones and A. G. Pool, A Hundred Years of Economic Development in Great Britain, 1840-1940 (London, 1940; reprinted 1963), Part II: chapters VIII - X, pp. 167-225.
4. W. W. Rostow, The British Economy of the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1948; reprinted 1963).
* 5. William Ashworth, An Economic History of England, 1870-1939 (London, 1960), Chapters 4 and 9, esp. pp. 239-64.
* 6. Charles P. Kindleberger, Economic Growth in France and Britain, 1851-1950 (Cambridge, Mass. 1964), Chapters 6, 7, 8, 13, and 14.
7. W. H. B. Court, British Economic History, 1870-1914: Commentary and Documents (London, 1965).
8. R. S. Sayers, A History of Economic Change in England, 1880-1939 (London, 1967), Chapters 3 and 5.
9. Eric J. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire: Pelican Economic History of Britain, Vol. III (London, 1968), Chapters 6, and 9 ('Beginnings of Decline'), pp. 109-33, 172-94.
** 10. Peter Mathias, The First Industrial Nation (London, 1969; 2nd revised edn. 1983), pp. 383-420.
** 11. David Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Changes and Industrial Development in Western Europe (Cambridge, 1969), Chapter 5: 'Short Breath and Second Wind', esp. pp. 326-58.
12. Tom Kemp, Industrialization in Nineteenth-Century Europe (London, 1969), Chapter 7: 'Britain, 1870-1914: A Pioneer Under Pressure', pp. 179-200.
13. Patrick O'Brien and Caglar Keyder, Economic Growth in Britain and France, 1780-1914 (London, 1978), especially Chapter 6, 'Industries'.
14. Peter Mathias and M.M. Postan, eds. The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. VII: The Industrial Economies: Capital, Labour, and Enterprise, Part I: Britain, France, Germany, and Scandinavia (Cambridge, 1978):
15. W. A. Lewis, Growth and Fluctuations, 1870-1913 (London, 1978).
* 16. Roderick C. Floud and Donald N. McCloskey, eds., The Economic History of Britain Since 1700, Vol. II: 1860 to the 1970s (Cambridge, 1981). See below for the revised edition of 1994.
17. M. W. Kirby, The Decline of British Economic Power Since 1870 (London, 1981).
* 18. François Crouzet, The Victorian Economy (London, 1982).
19. R. C. O. Matthews, Charles H. Feinstein, and J. C. Odling-Smee, British Economic Growth, 1856 - 1973 (Oxford, 1982).
* 20. Bernard Elbaum and William Lazonick, eds. The Decline of the British Economy (New York, 1986).
* 21. Sidney Pollard, Britain's Prime and Britain's Decline: The British Economy, 1870 - 1914 (New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
22. François Crouzet, Britain Ascendant: Comparative Studies in British and Franco-British Economic History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. A revised version and translation of his De la supériorité de l'Angleterre sur la France: l'économique et l'imaginaire, XVIIe - XXe siècle (Paris, 1985).
23. J.J. Van Helten and Y. Cassis, eds., Capitalism in a Mature Economy: Financial Institutions, Capital Exports, and British Industry, 1870 - 1939 (Elgar: Aldcroft, 1990).
24. N.F.R. Crafts, S. L. Leybourne, and T. C. Mills, 'Britain', in Richard Sylla and Gianni Toniolo, eds., Patterns of European Industrialisation: the Nineteenth Century (London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 109-52
25. James Foreman-Peck, ed., New Perspectives on the Late Victorian Economy: Essays in Quantitative Economic History, 1860 - 1914, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
a) James Foreman-Peck, 'Quantitative Analysis of the Victorian Economy', pp. 1-34.
b) John Cantwell, 'Railways and late Victorian Economic Growth', p.. 73-95.
c) Robert Millward, 'Emergence of Gas and Water Monopolies in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Contested Markets and Public Control', pp. 96-124.
d) Stephen Nicholas, 'The Expansion of British Multinational Companies: Testing for Managerial Failure', pp. 125-46.
e) Charles Feinstein, 'A New Look at the Cost of Living, 1870 - 1914', pp. 151-79.
f) Humphrey Southall, 'Poor Law Statistics and the Geography of Economic Distress', pp. 180-217.
g) John G. Treble, 'Perfect Equilibrium Down the Pit', pp. 218-48.
h) Forrest H. Capie, Terence C. Mills, and Geoffrey Wood, 'Money, Interest Rates and the Great Depression: Britain from 1870 to 1913', pp. 249 - 284.
i) Paul Turner, 'The UK Demand for Money, Commercial Bills and Quasi-Money Assets, 1871 - 1913', p. 285 - 304.
j) Tessa Ogden, 'An Analysis of Bank of England Discount and Advance Behaviour, 1870 - 1914', pp. 305 - 43.
26. S. N. Broadberry and N. F. R. Crafts, eds., Britain in the International Economy, 1870 - 1939, Studies in Monetary and Financial History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
a) S.N. Broadberry and N.F.R. Crafts, 'British Macroeconomic History, 1870 - 1939: Overview and Key Issues', pp. 1 - 27.
b) Terence C. Mills, 'An Economic Historian's Introduction to Modern Time Series Techniques in Econometrics', pp. 28 - 48.
c) Barry Eichengreen, 'The Gold Standard Since Alec Ford', pp. 49-79.
d) Forrest Capie, 'British Economic Fluctuations in the Nineteenth Century: Is There a Role for Money?', pp. 80-97.
e) N.F.R. Crafts and Terence C. Mills, 'British Economic Fluctuations, 1851 - 1913: A Perspective Based on Growth Theory', pp. 98-136.
f) T.J. Hatton, 'Price-Determination Under the Gold Standard: Britain, 1880 - 1913', pp. 137-56.
g) Neil Blake, 'Import Prices, Economic Activity and the General Price Level in the UK, 1870 - 1913', pp. 157-98.
h) T.C. Mills and G.E. Wood, 'Money and Interest Rates in Britain from 1870 to 1913', pp. 199-220.
i) P.L. Cottrell, 'Silver, Gold and the International Monetary Order, 1851-96', pp. 221-43.
j) C.K Harley, 'The World Food Economy and pre-World War I Argentina', pp. 244-70.
j) M. Thomas, 'Institutional Rigidity in the British Labour Market, 1870 - 1939: a Comparative Perspective', pp. 271-315.
27. Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., The Economic History of Britain Since 1700, 3 vols., 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), Vol. 2: 1860 - 1939
a) Roderick Floud, 'Britain, 1860 - 1914: A Survey', pp. 1-28.
b) Dudley Baines, 'Population, Migration and Regional Development, 1870 - 1939', pp. 29-61.
c) Sidney Pollard, 'Entrepreneurship, 1870 - 1914', pp. 62-89.
d) William Lazonick, 'Employment Relations in Manufacturing and International Competition', pp. 90-116.
e) Clive Lee, 'The Service Industries', p. 117-44.
f) Cormac O' Grada, 'British Agriculture, 1860 - 1914', pp. 145-72.
g) Michael Edelstein, 'Foreign Investment and Accumulation, 1860 - 1914', pp. 173-96.
h) Michael Edelstein, 'Imperialism: Cost and Benefit', pp. 197-216.
i) Forest Capie and Geoffrey Wood, 'Money in the Economy, 1870 - 1939', pp. 217-46.
j) Solomos Solomou, 'Economic Fluctuations, 1870 - 1913', pp. 247-64.
k) Mary MacKinnon, 'Living Standards, 1870 - 1914', pp. 265-90.
l) Barry Eichengreen, 'The Inter-War Economy in a European Mirror', pp. 291-319.
m) Mark Thomas, 'The Macro-Economics of the Inter-War Years', pp. 320-58.
n) Tim Hatton, 'Unemployment and the Labour Market in Inter-War Britain', pp. 359-85.
o) James Foreman-Peck, 'Industry and Industrial Organisation in the Inter-War Years', pp. 386-414.
28. Cormac Ó Gráda, Ireland: A New Economic History, 1780 - 1939 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
29. B.W.E. Alford, Britain in the World Economy Since 1880 (Harlow: Longman, 1996).
30. Sean Glynn and Alan Booth, Modern Britain: An Economic and Social History (London and New York: Routledge, 1996).
30. Sean Glynn and Alan Booth, Modern Britain: An Economic and Social History (London and New York: Routledge, 1996).
31. Roger Middleton, Government versus the Market: The Growth of the Public Sector, Economic Management, and British Economic Performance, c.1890 - 1979 (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1996).
32. Roderick Floud, The People and the British Economy, 1830 - 1914 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
33. E.A. Wasson, 'The Penetration of New Wealth into the English Governing Class from the Middle Ages to the First World War', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 51:1 (February 1998), 25-48.
34. G. R. Searle, Morality and the Market in Victorian Britain (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
35. Roger Lloyd-Jones and M.J. Lewis, British Industrial Capitalism Since the Industrial Revolution (London: University College London Press, 1998).
36. Richard Price, British Society, 1680 - 1880: Dynamism, Containment and Change (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
37. Peter T. Marsh, Bargaining on Europe: Britain and the First Common Market, 1860-1892 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999).
38. Michael Lavalette, ed., A Thing of the Past? Child Labour in Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999).
39. Jonathan Schneeer, London 1900: The Imperial Metropolis (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999).
40. Sidney Pollard, Labour History and the Labour Movement in Britain (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999).
41. Roy Douglas, Taxation in Britain Since 1660 (London: MacMillan, 1999).
42. Katrina Honeyman, Women, Gender and Industrialisation in England, 1700 - 1870 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000).
43. Eric Hopkins, Industrialisation and Society: A Social History, 1830 - 1951 (London: Routledge, 2000).
43. Roger Lloyd-Jones and M.J. Lewis, 'The Long Wave and Turning Points in British Industrial Capitalism: a Neo-Schumpeterian Approach', The Journal of European Economic History, 29:2-3 (Fall - Winter 2000), 359-401.
44. Stephen Heathorn, For Home, Country, and Race: Constructing Gender, Class, and Englishness in the Elementary School, 1884 - 1914 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000).
45. Ian Inkster, Colin Griffin, Jeff Hill, and Judith Rowbotham, eds., The Golden Age: Essays in British Social and Economic History, 1850 - 1870 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000).
46. Arthur J. McIvor, A History of Work in Britain, 1800 - 1950 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001).
47. Michael Ball and David Sunderland, An Economic History of London, 1800 - 1914 (London and New York: Routledge, 2001).
48. Geoffrey Channon, Railways in Britain and the United States, 1830 - 1940 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001).
49. Martin Daunton, ed., The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, vol. III: 1840 - 1950 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
50. Martin Daunton, Trusting Leviathan: The Politics of Taxation in Britain, 1799 - 1914 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
51. Gregory Clark, 'Shelter from the Storm: Housing and the Industrial Revolution, 1550 - 1909', Journal of Economic History, 62:2 (June 2002), 489-511.
B. The Debates about British 'Industrial Retardation', the 'Great Depression', and 'British Economic Decline', and the Problems of 'Entrepreneurship', 1870 - 1914
1. John H. Clapham, Economic History of Modern Britain, Vol. II: Free Trade and Steel, 1850 - 1886 (Cambridge, 1932; republished 1963), chapter III: 'The Course of Industrial Change', pp. 47 - 113. A classic study.
** 2. H. L. Beales, 'The 'Great Depression' in Industry and Trade', Economic History Review, 1st ser. 5 (1934), reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. I (London, 1954), pp. 406-15. Despite its age, written more than half a century ago, it still has interesting comments to make on this debate.
* 3. John H. Clapham, Economic History of Modern Britain, Vol. III: Machines and National Rivalries, 1887-1914 (Cambridge, 1938; republished 1963), chapter III: 'The Course of Industrial Change', pp. 121-200. A classic study also.
4. G.P. Jones and A.G. Pool, A Hundred Years of Economic Development in Great Britain, 1840-1940 (London, 1940; reprinted 1963), Part II: chapters VIII and IX.
* 5. W. W. Rostow, The British Economy of the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1948; reprinted 1963). Very controversial; in part rather dated, but still quite important:
* (a) Chapter 1, 'Trends in the British Economy, 1790-1914', pp. 7-30. [Reprinted in Barry Supple, ed., The Experience of Economic Growth: Case Studies in Economic History (New York, 1963), pp. 189 - 202.]
* (b) Chapter 2, 'Cycles in the British Economy, 1790-1914', pp. 31-57. [Reprinted in Derek Aldcroft and Peter Fearon, eds., British Economic Fluctuations, 1790 - 1939 (London, 1972), pp. 74 - 96.
(c) Chapter 3, 'Investment and the Great Depression', pp. 58-89.
* (d) Chapter 7, 'Explanations of the Great Depression', pp. 145-60.
(e) Chapter 9, 'The Depression of the Seventies: 1874-79', pp. 179-225.
6. J. S. Pesmazoglu, 'Some International Aspects of British Cyclical Fluctuations, 1870 - 1913', Review of Economic Studies, 16 (1949-50), 117 - 43.
7. Jan Tinbergen, Business Cycles in the United Kingdom, 1870-1914 (1951).
8. E. H. Phelps Brown and S.J. Handfield-Jones, 'The Climacteric of the 1890s: A Study in the Expanding Economy', Oxford Economic Papers, new series, 4 (October 1952), 279 - 89. Republished in:
a) Barry Supple, ed., The Experience of Economic Growth: Case Studies in Economic History (New York, 1963), pp. 205 - 16 (with omissions, but also with Supple's introduction, pp. 203-04).
b) Henry Phelps Brown and Sheila Hopkins, eds., A Perspective of Wages and Prices (London, 1981), pp. 131 - 72.
9. E. H. Phelps Brown and P. E. Hart, 'The Share of Wages in National Income', Economic Journal, 62:246 (June 1952); reprinted in Henry Phelps Brown and Sheila Hopkins, eds., A Perspective of Wages and Prices (London, 1981), pp. 106 - 30.
10. G. M. Meier, 'Long-Period Determinants of Britain's Terms of Trade: 1880-1913', Review of Economic Studies, 20 (1952-53).
11. E. H. Phelps Brown and B. Weber, 'Accumulation, Productivity, and Distribution in the British Economy, 1870-1938', Economic Journal, 63 (1953), reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. III (1962), pp. 280-301.
12. E. H. Phelps Brown and S. A. Ozga, 'Economic Growth and the Price Level, ' Economic Journal, 65 (March 1955), republished in Henry Phelps Brown and Sheila Hopkins, eds., A Perspective of Wages and Prices (London, 1981), pp. 173 - 90.
13. W. A. Lewis and P. J. O'Leary, 'Secular Swings in Production and Trade', The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 23 (1955).
14. D. J. Coppock, 'The Climacteric of the 1890's: A Critical Note', The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 24 (January 1956), 1-31. Republished in part (pp. 21-31 only), under the title 'The Climacteric of the 1870's', in Barry Supple, ed., The Experience of Economic Growth: Case Studies in Economic History (New York, 1963), pp. 217 - 25 (with Supple's introduction, pp. 203-04).
15. D. J. Coppock, 'The Causes of Business Fluctuations, 1870-1914', Transactions of the Manchester Statistical Society (1959); reprinted in Derek Aldcroft and Peter Fearon, eds., British Economic Fluctuations, 1790-1939 (London: Macmillan, 1972), pp. 188 - 219.
* 16. A. E. Musson, 'The Great Depression in Britain, 1873-1896: A Re-Appraisal', Journal of Economic History, 19 (1959).
17. William Ashworth, An Economic History of England, 1870-1939 (London, 1960), chapters IV and X, especially pp. 239-64.
18. E. W. Cooney, 'Long Waves in Building in the British Economy of the Nineteenth Century', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 13 (1960 - 61); reprinted in Derek Aldcroft and Peter Fearon, eds., British Economic Fluctuations, 1790-1939 (London, Macmillan, 1972), pp. 220 - 35.
19. J. Saville, 'Some Retarding Factors in the British Economy Before 1914', Yorkshire Bulletin of Economic and Social Research, 13 (1961).
20. D. J. Coppock, 'The Causes of the Great Depression, 1873-1896', The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 29 (1961).
21. H. J. Habakkuk, 'Fluctuations in House-Building in Britain and the United States in the Nineteenth Century', The Journal of Economic History, 22 (1962); reprinted in A. R. Hall, ed., , The Export of Capital from Britain, 1870 - 1914 (London: Methuen, 1968), pp. 103 - 42; and also in Derek Aldcroft and Peter Fearon, eds., British Economic Fluctuations, 1790-1939 (London, Macmillan, 1972), pp. 236 - 67.
22. J. Saville, 'Mr. Coppock on the 'Great Depression': A Critical Note', and D. J. Coppock, 'Mr Saville on the Great Depression: A Reply', both in: The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 31 (1963).
* 23. Maurice Dobb, 'The Great Depression', in his Studies in the Development of Capitalism, revised edn. (London, 1963), pp. 300-19; reprinted in edited form, in David Landes, ed., The Rise of Capitalism (1965), pp. 130-9. A Marxist viewpoint.
24. A. E. Musson, 'British Industrial Growth during the Great Depression, 1873-96: Comments', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 15 (1963), 529 - .
25. D.J. Coppock, 'British Industrial Growth During the `Great Depression': A Pessimist's View', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 17 (December 1964), 389-96.
26. A. E. Musson, 'British Industrial Growth, 1873-1896: A Balanced View', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 17 (December 1964), 397 - 403.
* 27. Charles P. Kindleberger, Economic Growth in France and Britain, 1851-1950 (Cambridge, Mass. 1964), chapter 6, 'Entrepreneurship'; chapter 7, 'Technology'; and chapter 8, 'Scale and Competition'. See also chapters 13-14.
28. William Ashworth, 'Changes in the Industrial Structure, 1870-1914', Yorkshire Bulletin of Economic and Social Research, 17 (1965).
29. H. W. Richardson, 'Retardation in Britain's Industrial Growth, 1870-1913', The Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 12 (1965); reprinted in Derek Aldcroft and H.W. Richardson, eds., The British Economy, 1870-1939 (London, 1969), pp. 101 - 25.
* 30. Charles Wilson, 'Economy and Society in Late Victorian Britain', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 18 (1965), 183-97; reprinted in Charles Wilson, Economic History and the Historian: Collected Essays (London: 1969), pp. 178-200.
* 31. W.H.B. Court, ed., British Economic History, 1870-1914: Commentary and Documents (Cambridge, 1965), Part I: chapter 3, 'Old Industries and New', pp. 78-176. Most of this consists of documents: but read at least the introductory commentary, pp. 78-88.
32. William Ashworth, 'The Late Victorian Economy', Economica, new ser. 33 (1966).
33. D. H. Aldcroft, 'The Problem of Productivity in British Industry, 1870-1914', La Scuola in Azione, 5 (1967); reprinted in Derek Aldcroft and H.W. Richardson, eds., The British Economy, 1870-1939 (London, 1969), pp. 126 - 40.
34. A. J. Levine, Industrial Retardation in Britain, 1880-1914 (London, 1967).
35. R. S. Sayers, A History of Economic Change in England, 1880-1939 (London, 1967), chapters 3 and 5.
36. E. J. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire (Pelican Economic History of Britain, Vol. III, London, 1968), chapter 6, 'Industrialization: the Second Phase, 1840-1895', pp. 109-33; chapter 9, 'The Beginnings of Decline', pp. 172-94.
37. Derek Aldcroft, ed., Development of British Industry and Foreign Competition, 1875-1914 (1968). Various essays.
* 38. Derek Aldcroft and H.W. Richardson, eds., The British Economy, 1870-1939 (London, 1969). Read the introduction, pp. 3 - 100, especially on 'The Business Cycle', pp. 23-60, while ignoring the post-1914 sections; and read especially the following essays:
(a) H. W. Richardson, 'Retardation in Britain's Industrial Growth, 1870-1913', pp. 101 - 25. [Reprinted from The Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 12 (1965).]
(b) D. H. Aldcroft, 'The Problem of Productivity in British Industry, 1870-1914', pp. 126 - 40. [Reprinted from La Scuola in Azione, 5 (1967).]
(c) Derek Aldcroft, 'The Entrepreneur and the British Economy, 1870 - 1914', pp. 141 - 67. [Reprinted from Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 17 (August 1964), 113 - 34.]
(d) D. H. Aldcroft, 'Technical Progress and British Enterprise, 1875-1914', pp. 168 - 89. [Reprinted from Business History, 8 (1966).]
39. A. G. Ford, 'British Economic Fluctuations, 1870-1914', The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 37 (1969); reprinted in Derek Aldcroft and Peter Fearon, eds., British Economic Fluctuations, 1790-1939 (London, Macmillan, 1972), pp. 131 - 60.
40. Tom Kemp, Industrialization in Nineteenth-Century Europe (London, 1969), chapter 7: 'Britain, 1870-1914: A Pioneer Under Pressure', pp. 179-200.
** 41. S. B. Saul, The Myth of the Great Depression, 1873 - 1896, Studies in Economic and Social History Series (London: Macmillan, 1969; 2nd revised edition, 1985), pp. 9 - 55.
** 42. David Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 (Cambridge, 1969), chapter 5: 'Short Breath and Second Wind', pp. 326-58.
* 43. Peter Mathias, The First Industrial Nation (London, 1969; revised 2nd edn. 1983), chapter 15, pp. 351-97.
* 44. Donald N. McCloskey, ed., Essays on a Mature Economy: Britain After 1840 (Princeton, 1971):
(a) Brinley Thomas, 'Demographic Determinants of British and American Building Cycles, 1870-1913', pp. 39-74.
(b) Michael Edelstein, 'Rigidity and Bias in the British Capital Market, 1870-1913', pp. 83-105.
(c) Charles K. Harley, 'The Shift from Sailing Ships to Steamships, 1850-1890: A Study in Technological Change and its Diffusion', pp. 215-34.
(d) Peter Lindert and Keith Trace, 'Yardsticks for Victorian Entrepreneurs', pp. 239-74.
(e) Donald McCloskey, 'International Differences in Productivity? Coal and Steel in American and Britain Before World War I', pp. 285-304.
(f) Roderick Floud, 'Changes in the Productivity of Labour in the British Machine Tool Industry, 1856-1900', pp. 313-37.
(g) Wray Vamplew, 'Nihilistic Impressions of British Railway History', pp. 345 - 66.
(h) S. B. Saul, 'Some Thoughts on ... the Performance of the Late Victorian Economy', pp. 393-400.
* 45. Derek Aldcroft and Peter Fearon, eds., British Economic Fluctuations, 1790-1939 (London, Macmillan, 1972):
(a) Introduction by the editors, pp. 1-73 (skim read).
(b) W. W. Rostow, 'Cycles in the British Economy, 1790-1794', pp. 74-96. [From chapter 2 of W.W. Rostow, The British Economy of the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1948).]
(c) A. G. Ford, 'British Economic Fluctuations, 1870-1914', pp. 131-60. [Reprinted from The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 37 (1969).]
* (d) D. J. Coppock, 'The Causes of Business Fluctuations, 1870-1914', pp. 188-219. [Reprinted from Transactions of the Manchester Statistical Society (1959).]
(e) E. W. Cooney, 'Long Waves in Building in the British Economy of the Nineteenth Century', pp. 220 - 35. [Reprinted from Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 13 (1960 - 61).]
(f) H. J. Habakkuk, 'Fluctuations in House-Building in Britain and the United States in the Nineteenth Century', pp. 235 - 67. [Reprinted from The Journal of Economic History, 22 (1962). ]
(g) Jeffrey G. Williamson, 'The Long Swing: Comparisons and Interactions between British and American Balance of Payments, 1820 - 1913', pp. 268 - 90. [Reprinted from The Journal of Economic History, 22 (1962).]
46. William Kennedy, 'Foreign Investment, Trade, and Growth in the United Kingdom, 1870-1913', Explorations in Economic History, 11 (1974), 415-44.
47. W. W. Rostow, 'Kondratieff, Schumpeter, and Kuznets: Trend Periods Revisited', Journal of Economic History, 35 (Dec. 1975), 719-53.
48. Roy A. Church, The Great Victorian Boom, 1850 - 1873, Studies in Social and Economic History (London: Macmillan, 1975; republished 1986). Important for comparative purposes, in analyzing the post-1870 British economy.
** 49. W. Arthur Lewis, Growth and Fluctuations, 1870 - 1913 (London, 1978):
(a) Chapter 1, 'Prospectus: Engine of Growth', pp. 15-32.
(b) Chapter 2, 'The Jugular Pattern', pp. 33 - 68.
(c) Chapter 3, 'The Kondratiev Price Swing', pp. 69-93.
(d) Chapter 5, 'The British Climacteric', pp. 112- 34.
(e) Chapter 6, 'The Rate of Growth', pp. 135 - 157.
50. Patrick O'Brien and Caglar Keyder, Economic Growth in Britain and France, 1780-1914 (London, 1978), especially Chapter 6, 'Industries'.
51. Peter Mathias and M.M. Postan, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. VII: The Industrial Economies: Capital, Labour, and Enterprise, Part I: Britain, France, Germany, and Scandinavia (Cambridge, 1978).
(a) C.H. Feinstein, 'Capital Formation in Great Britain', pp. 65-97.
(b) Sidney Pollard, 'Labour in Great Britain', pp. 116-47, 161-79.
(c) Peter L. Payne, 'Industrial Entrepreneurship and Management in Great Britain', pp. 193-210.
52. W. W. Rostow and M. Kennedy, 'A Simple Model of the Kondratieff Cycle', Research in Economic History, 4 (1979), 1 - 36.
53. M. W. Kirby, The Decline of British Economic Power Since 1870 (London, 1981), chapter 1, 'The British Economy, 1870 - 1913: The Descent from Hegemony', pp. 1-23.
* 54. Roderick C. Floud and Donald N. McCloskey, eds., The Economic History of Britain Since 1700, Vol. II: 1860 to the 1790s (Cambridge, 1981):
(a) Editors' introduction, pp. i - xiii.
** (b) R.C. Floud, 'Britain, 1860-1914: A Survey', pp. 1 - 26.
(c) A.G. Ford, 'The Trade Cycle in Britain, 1860-1914', pp. 27-49.
(d) C.K. Harley and D.N. McCloskey, 'Foreign Trade: Competition and The Expanding International Economy', pp. 50-69.
* (e) Lars G. Sandberg, 'The Entrepreneur and Technological Change', pp. 99-120.
(f) Barry Supple, 'Income and Demand, 1860-1914', pp. 121-43.
(g) C. O' Grada, 'Agricultural Decline, 1860-1914', pp. 175-98.
N.B. See below for the completely revised edition of 1994, with many new authors.
55. C. H. Lee, 'Regional Growth and Structural Change in Victorian Britain', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 34 (1981), 438-52.
56. Martin J. Wiender, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit, 1850 - 1980 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
** 57. François Crouzet, The Victorian Economy, trans. A.S. Forster (London, 1982). In particular:
(a) Chapter 2: 'Economic Growth', pp. 31-43.
(b) Chapter 3: 'The Periodization of Growth', pp. 44-65.
(c) Chapter 4: 'Problems of Growth', pp. 101-144.
(d) Chapter 12: 'Epilogue: The Decline of the British Economy?' pp. 371-422.
* 58. Barry Eichengreen, 'The Proximate Determinants of Domestic Investment in Victorian Britain', Journal of Economic History, 42 (March 1982), 87-96.
59. William H. Phillips, 'Induced Innovation and Economic Performance in Late Victorian British Industry', Journal of Economic History, 42 (March 1982), 97-104.
60. William Kennedy, 'Economic Growth and Structural Change in the United Kingdom', Journal of Economic History, 42 (March 1982), 105-14. Followed by:
Ben Baack and Donald McCloskey, 'Discussion', pp. 115-18.
N.B. These three papers all involved advanced theory and econometrics.
61. N. F. R. Crafts, 'Gross National Product in Europe, 1870-1910: Some New Estimates', Explorations in Economic History, 20 (Oct. 1982), 387-401.
* 62. Charles Feinstein, R. C. O. Matthews, and J. C. Odling-Smee, 'The Timing of the Climacteric and its Sectoral Incidence in the U.K.', in Charles Kindleberger et al eds., Economics in the Long View, Vol. 2:1 (Oxford, 1982).
63. R. C. O. Mathews, Charles H. Feinstein, and J. C. Odling-Smee, British Economic Growth, 1865-1973 (Stanford, 1982).
64. Alec Cairncross, 'Economic Growth and Stagnation in the U.K. Before the First World War', in M. Gersovitz et al, eds., The Theory and Experience of Economic Development (London, 1982).
* 65. Stephen Nicholas, 'Total Factor Productivity and the Revision of Post-1870 British Economic History', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 35 (1982), 83-98. Involves econometrics.
* 66. Barry Eichengreen, 'The Causes of British Business Cycles', Journal of European Economic History, 12 (Spring 1983), 145 - 651. A discussion of the current debate on the role of real and monetary factors.
67. N. F. R. Crafts, 'Gross National Product in Europe, 1870-1910: Some New Estimates', Explorations in Economic History, 20 (Oct. 1983), 387-401.
68. N. F. R. Crafts, 'Economic Growth in France and Britain, 1830 - 1910: A Review of the Evidence', Journal of Economic History, 44 (March 1984), 49 - 68.
* 69. Bernard Elbaum and William Lazonick, 'The Decline of the British Economy: An Institutional Perspective', Journal of Economic History, 44 (June 1984), 567 - 84.
70. Stephen J. Nicholas, 'The Overseas Marketing Performance of British Industry, 1870 - 1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 37 (Nov. 1984), 489 - 506.
71. J. Söderberg, 'Regional Economic Disparity and Dynamics, 1840 - 1914: a Comparison Between France, Great Britain, Prussia, and Sweden', Journal of European Economic History, 14 (Fall 1985), 273 - 96.
* 72. Mark Thomas, 'Accounting for Growth, 1870 - 1940: Stephen Nicholas and Total Factor Productivity Measurement', and Stephen Nicholas, 'British Economic Performance and Total Factor Productivity Growth, 1870 - 1940:' a reply, both in: Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 38 (Nov. 1985), 569-75, and 576-82.
* 73. Bernard Elbaum and William Lazonick, eds., The Decline of the British Economy (New York, 1986).
* 74. David Greasley, 'British Economic Growth: The Paradox of the 1880s and the Timing of the Climacteric', Explorations in Economic History, 23 (Oct. 1986), 416 - 44.
75. Solomos Solomou, 'Non-Balanced Growth and Kondratieff Waves in the World Economy, 1850-1913', Journal of Economic History, 46 (1986), 165-70.
76. Roger Lloyd-Jones, 'Innovation, Industrial Structure, and the Long Wave: the British Economy c. 1873 - 1914', Journal of European Economic History, 16 (Fall 1987), 315-34.
77. William P. Kennedy, Industrial Structure: Capital Markets and the Origins of British Economic Decline (Cambridge, 1987).
78. Humphrey R. Southall, 'The Origins of the Depressed Areas: Unemployment, Growth, and Regional Economic Structure in Britain Before 1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 41 (May 1988), 236-58.
79. Solomos Solomou, Phases of Economic Growth, 1850 - 1973: Kondratieff Waves and Kuznets Swings (Cambridge University Press, 1988; reissued in paperback 1990). Chapters 3, 4, 6, 7.
* 80. Sidney Pollard, Britain's Prime and Britain's Decline: The British Economy, 1870 - 1914 (New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
81. W. H. Phillips, 'The Economic Performance of Late Victorian Britain: Traditional Historians and Growth', Journal of European Economic History, 18 (Fall 1989), 393 - 414.
82. Norman Gemmell and Peter Wardley, 'The Contribution of Services to British Economic Growth, 1856 - 1913', Explorations in Economic History, 27 (July 1990), 299-321.
* 83. Charles Feinstein, 'What Really Happened to Real Wages?: Trends in Wages, Prices, and Productivity in the United Kingdom, 1880 - 1913', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (August 1990), 329 - 55.
* 84. N. F. R. Crafts, S. L. Leybourne, and T. C. Mills, 'Measurement of Trend Growth in European Industrial Output Before 1914: Methodological Issues and New Estimates', Explorations in Economic History, 27 (October 1990), 442-67.
85. François Crouzet, Britain Ascendant: Comparative Studies in British and Franco-British Economic History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. A revised version and translation of his De la supériorité de l'Angleterre sur la France: l'économique et l'imaginaire, XVIIe - XXe siècle (Paris, 1985).
86. Solomos Solomou and Martin Weale, 'Balanced Estimates of UK GDP, 1870 - 1913', Explorations in Economic History, 28 (January 1991), 54 - 63.
87. Lee A. Craig and Douglas Fisher, 'Integration of the European Business Cycle: 1871 - 1910', Explorations in Economic History, 29 (April 1992), 144 - 68.
88. Michael Turner, 'Output and Prices in UK Agriculture, 1867 - 1914, and the Great Agricultural Depression Reconsidered', Agricultural History Review, 40:i (1992), 38 - 51.
89. Patrick K. O'Brien and Leandro Prados de la Escosura, 'Agricultural Productivity and European Industrialization, 1890 - 1980', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 45 (August 1992), 514-36.
90. Dov Friedlander, 'The British Depression and Nuptiality: 1873 - 1896', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 23:1 (Summer 1992), 19 - 37.
** 91. M. W. Kirby, 'Institutional Rigidities and Economic Decline: Reflections on the British Experience', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 45:4 (November 1992), 637-60.
92. Michael Dintenfass, The Decline of Industrial Britain, 1870 - 1980 (London and New York: Routledge, 1992).
93. S. N. Broadberry and N. F. R. Crafts, eds., Britain in the International Economy, 1870 - 1939, Studies in Monetary and Financial History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
a) S.N. Broadberry and N.F.R. Crafts, 'British Macroeconomic History, 1870 - 1939: Overview and Key Issues', pp. 1 - 27.
b) Terence C. Mills, 'An Economic Historian's Introduction to Modern Time Series Techniques in Econometrics', pp. 28 - 48.
c) Barry Eichengreen, 'The Gold Standard Since Alec Ford', pp. 49-79.
d) Forrest Capie, 'British Economic Fluctuations in the Nineteenth Century: Is There a Role for Money?', pp. 80-97.
e) N.F.R. Crafts and Terence C. Mills, 'British Economic Fluctuations, 1851 - 1913: A Perspective Based on Growth Theory', pp. 98-136.
f) T.J. Hatton, 'Price-Determination Under the Gold Standard: Britain, 1880 - 1913', pp. 137-56.
g) Neil Blake, 'Import Prices, Economic Activity and the General Price Level in the UK, 1870 - 1913', pp. 157-98.
h) T.C. Mills and G.E. Wood, 'Money and Interest Rates in Britain from 1870 to 1913', pp. 199-220.
i) P.L. Cottrell, 'Silver, Gold and the International Monetary Order, 1851-96', pp. 221-43.
j) C.K Harley, 'The World Food Economy and pre-World War I Argentina', pp. 244-70.
k) M. Thomas, 'Institutional Rigidity in the British Labour Market, 1870 - 1939: a Comparative Perspective', pp. 271-315.
94. W. D. Rubinstein, Capitalism, Culture and Decline in Britain: 1750 - 1990 (London and New York: Routledge, 1993).
95. D.C.M. Platt, A.J.H. Latham, and Ranald Mitchie, Decline and Recovery in Britain's Overseas Trade, 1873 - 1913 (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1993).
96. Barry Supple, 'Fear of Failing: Economic History and the Decline of Britain', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 47:3 (August 1994), 441-58. Economic History Society Presidential Address for 1994.
97. Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., The Economic History of Britain Since 1700, 3 vols., 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), Vol. 2: 1860 - 1939
a) Roderick Floud, 'Britain, 1860 - 1914: A Survey', pp. 1-28.
b) Dudley Baines, 'Population, Migration and Regional Development, 1870 - 1939', pp. 29-61.
c) Sidney Pollard, 'Entrepreneurship, 1870 - 1914', pp. 62-89.
d) William Lazonick, 'Employment Relations in Manufacturing and International Competition', pp. 90-116.
e) Clive Lee, 'The Service Industries', p. 117-44.
f) Cormac O' Grada, 'British Agriculture, 1860 - 1914', pp. 145-72.
g) Michael Edelstein, 'Foreign Investment and Accumulation, 1860 - 1914', pp. 173-96.
h) Michael Edelstein, 'Imperialism: Cost and Benefit', pp. 197-216.
i) Forest Capie and Geoffrey Wood, 'Money in the Economy, 1870 - 1939', pp. 217-46.
j) Solomos Solomou, 'Economic Fluctuations, 1870 - 1913', pp. 247-64.
k) Mary MacKinnon, 'Living Standards, 1870 - 1914', pp. 265-90.
98. David Greasley, 'Balanced versus Compromise Estimates of UK GDP, 1870 - 1913', Explorations in Economic History, 32:2 (April 1995), 262-72.
99. Robert Millward and Sally Sheard, 'The Urban Fiscal Problem, 1870-1914: Government Expenditure and Finance in England and Wales', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:3 (August 1995), 501-35.
100. David Edgerton, Science, Technology and the British Industrial 'Decline', 1870 - 1970, New Studies in Economic and Social History (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
101. Terence C. Mills and N.F.R. Crafts, 'Trend Growth in British Industrial Output, 1700 - 1913: A Reappraisal', Explorations in Economic History, 33:3 (July 1996), 277-95.
102. Curtis J. Simon and Clark Nardinelli, 'The Talk of the Town: Human Capital, Information and the Growth of English Cities, 1861 to 1961', Explorations in Economic History, 33:3 (July 1996), 384-413.
** 103. Peter Clarke and Clive Trebilcock, eds., Understanding Decline: Perceptions and Realities of British Economic Performance (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
* 104. Nicholas Crafts, Britain's Relative Economic Decline (London: Social Market Foundation, 1997).
* 105. Y. Goo Park, 'Depression and Capital Formation: the United Kingdom and Germany, 1873 - 1896', The Journal of European Economic History, 26:3 (Winter 1997), 511-34.
* 106. David Greasley and Les Oxley, 'Comparing British and American Economic and Industrial Performance, 1860 - 1993: A Times Series Perspective', Explorations in Economic History, 35:2 (April 1998), 171-95.
* 107. Stephen N. Broadberry, 'How did the United States and Germany Overtake Britain? A Sectoral Analysis of Comparative Productivity Levels, 1870 - 1990', Journal of Economic History, 58:2 (June 1998), 375-407.
108. Jean-Pierre Dormois and Michael Dintenfass, eds., The British Industrial Decline (London and New York: Routledge, 1999).
109. Richard English and Michael Kenny, eds., Rethinking British Decline (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999).
110. E.H. Hunt and S.J. Pam, 'Managerial Failure in Late Victorian Britain? Land Use and English Agriculture', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 54:2 (May 2001), 240-66.
111. A.J. Arnold, ' "Riches Beyond the Dreams of Avarice"? Commercial Returns on British Warship Construction, 1889 - 1914', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 54:2 (May 2001), 267-89.
112. F.M.L. Thompson, Gentrification and the Enterprise Culture: Britain, 1780 - 1980 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
113. Susannah Morris, 'Market Solutions for Social Problems: Working-Class Housing in Nineteenth-Century London', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 54:3 (August 2001), 525-45.
114. Gregory Clark, 'Shelter from the Storm: Housing and the Industrial Revolution, 1550 - 1909', Journal of Economic History, 62:2 (June 2002), 489-511.
115. George R. Boyer and Timothy J. Hatton, 'New Estimates of British Unemployment, 1870 - 1913', Journal of Economic History, 62:3 (September 2002), 643-75.
C. 'The Great Depression' of 1873 - 1896: Publications specifically concerning this debate
** 1. H. L. Beales, 'The 'Great Depression' in Industry and Trade', Economic History Review, 1st ser. 5 (1934), reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. I (London, 1954), pp. 406-15.
* 2. E. Victor Morgan, The Theory and Practice of Central Banking, 1797-1913 (1943), Chapter IX: 'The Great Depression, 1873-1896', pp. 187-209.
* 3. W. W. Rostow, The British Economy of the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1948; reprinted 1963).
(a) Chapter 3, 'Investment and the Great Depression', pp. 58-89.
* (b) Chapter 7, 'Explanations of the Great Depression', pp. 145-60.
(c) Chapter 9, 'The Depression of the Seventies: 1874-79', pp. 179-225.
* 4. A. E. Musson, 'The Great Depression in Britain, 1873-1896: A Re-Appraisal', Journal of Economic History, 19 (1959).
5. D. J. Coppock, 'The Causes of the Great Depression, 1873-1896', The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 29 (1961).
* 6. T. W. Fletcher, 'The Great Depression of British Agriculture, 1873-1896', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 13 (1961), 417-32, reprinted in W. E. Minchinton, ed., Essays in Agrarian History, Vol. II (1968), pp. 239-58. In this volume, see also essays by Whetham, Fox, and Bellerby.
7. J. Saville, 'Mr. Coppock on the 'Great Depression': A Critical Note', and:
D. J. Coppock, 'Mr Saville on the Great Depression: A Reply', both in:
The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 31 (1963).
* 8. Maurice Dobb, 'The Great Depression', in his Studies in the Development of Capitalism, revised edn. (London, 1963), pp. 300-19; reprinted in edited form, in David Landes, ed., The Rise of Capitalism (1965), pp. 130-9. A Marxist viewpoint.
9. A. E. Musson, 'British Industrial Growth during the Great Depression, 1873-96: Comments', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 15 (1963), 529 - .
10. D.J. Coppock, 'British Industrial Growth During the `Great Depression': A Pessimist's View', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 17 (December 1964), 389-96.
11. A. E. Musson, 'British Industrial Growth, 1873-1896: A Balanced View', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 17 (December 1964), 397 - 403.
12. Sevket Pamuk, 'The Ottoman Empire in the "Great Depression" of 1873-1896', Journal of Economic History, 44:1 (March 1984), 107-118.
** 13. S. B. Saul, The Myth of the Great Depression, 1873 - 1896, Studies in Economic and Social History Series (London: MacMillan, 1969; 2nd revised edition, 1985), pp. 9 - 55.
14. P. J. Perry, British Farming in the Great Depression, 1870 - 1914 (Newton Abbott, 1974).
15. James Foreman-Peck, ed., New Perspectives on the Late Victorian Economy: Essays in Quantitative Economic History, 1860 - 1914, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
a) Forrest H. Capie, Terence C. Mills, and Geoffrey Wood, 'Money, Interest Rates and the Great Depression: Britain from 1870 to 1913', pp. 249 - 284.
b) Paul Turner, 'The UK Demand for Money, Commercial Bills and Quasi-Money Assets, 1871 - 1913', p. 285 - 304.
c) Tessa Ogden, 'An Analysis of Bank of England Discount and Advance Behaviour, 1870 - 1914', pp. 305 - 43.
16. Michael Turner, 'Output and Prices in UK Agriculture, 1867 - 1914, and the Great Agricultural Depression Reconsidered', Agricultural History Review, 40:i (1992), 38 - 51.
17. Dov Friedlander, 'The British Depression and Nuptiality: 1873 - 1896', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 23:1 (Summer 1992), 19 - 37.
* 18. Richard Perron, Agriculture in Depression, 1870 - 1940, New Studies in Economic and Social History 26 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
* 19. Y. Goo Park, 'Depression and Capital Formation: the United Kingdom and Germany, 1873 - 1896', The Journal of European Economic History, 26:3 (Winter 1997), 511-34.
20. Max-Stephan Schulze, 'The Machine-Building Industry and Austria's Great Depression after 1873', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 50:2 (May 1997), 282--304.
D. Money, Prices, Banking, and Business Cycles in the British: Depressions and Booms, 1873-1914:
N.B. The role of capital exports, overseas investments, internatinal trade, and the gold standard all enter into these issues of money, prices, and business cycles in the British economy.
1. J. T. Phinney, 'Gold Production and the Price Level', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 47 (1933). Largely superseded by subsequent research.
2. H. L. Beales, 'The 'Great Depression' in Industry and Trade', Economic History Review, 1st ser. 5 (1934), reprinted in E. M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. I (London, 1962), pp. 406-15.
3. W. T. Layton and G. Crowther, An Introduction to the Study of Prices (London, 1935). With both price data and analyses relevant to this period.
4. J. Pedersen and O. S. Petersen, An Analysis of Price Behaviour (Copenhagen, 1938). Also quite relevant, with more European price data.
* 5. E. Victor Morgan, The Theory and Practice of Central Banking, 1797-1913 (1943), Chapter IX: 'The Great Depression, 1873-1896', pp. 187-209.
* 6. W. W. Rostow, The British Economy of the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1949). Controversial, and in part dated; but important.
(a) chapter 1, 'Trends in the British Economy, 1790-1914', pp. 7-30.
(b) chapter 2, 'Cycles in the British Economy, 1790-1914', pp. 31-57.
(c) chapter 3, 'Investment and the Great Depression', pp. 58-89.
* (d) chapter 7, 'Explanations of the Great Depression', pp. 145 - 60.
(e) chapter 9, 'The Depression of the Seventies: 1874-79', pp. 179-225.
7. J. S. Pesmazoglu, 'Some International Aspects of British Cyclical Fluctuations, 1870 - 1913', Review of Economic Studies, 16 (1949-50), 117 - 43.
8. Jan Tinbergen, Business Cycles in the United Kingdom, 1870-1914 (1951).
9. W. Arthur Lewis, 'World Production, Prices and Trade, 1870 - 1960', The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 20 (1952).
10. E. H. Phelps Brown and S. A. Ozga, 'Economic Growth and the Price Level, ' Economic Journal, 65 (March 1955); republished in Henry Phelps Brown and Sheila Hopkins, eds., A Perspective of Wages and Prices (London, 1981), pp. 173 - 90.
11. Charles Higonnet, 'Bank Deposits in the United Kingdom, 1870 - 1914', Quartlery Journal of Economics, 71 (1957), 329-67.
* 12. A. W. Phillips, 'The Relation Between Unemployment and the Rate of Change of Money Wage Rates in the United Kingdom, 1861 - 1957', Economica, 25 (1958), 283 - 299. A seminal article.
13. Jeffrey G. Williamson, 'The Long Swing: Comparisons and Interactions between British and American Balance of Payments, 1820 - 1913', The Journal of Economic History, 22 (1962); reprinted in Derek Aldcroft and Peter Fearon, eds., British Economic Fluctuations, 1790-1939 (London, MacMillan, 1972), pp. 268 - 90.
14. G. Maynard, Economic Development and the Price Level (London, 1962). Largely theoretical, but with analysis of British and American price changes within this period.
15. Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobson Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867 - 1960 (Princeton University Press, 1963).
16. Philip Cagan, Determinants and Effects of Changes in the Stock of Money, 1875 - 1960 (New York, 1965).
17. C. A. Goodhart, The Business of Banking, 1891 - 1914 (London, 1971).
18. D. K. Sheppard, The Growth and Role of UK Financial Institutions, 1880 - 1962 (London, 1971).
19. Brinley Thomas, 'Demographic Determinants of British and American Building Cycles, 1870 - 1913', in Donald McCloskey, ed., Essays on a Mature Economy: Britain After 1840 (1971), pp. 39 - 74.
20. Shizuya Nishimura, The Decline of Inland Bills of Exchange in the London Money Market, 1855 - 1913 (Cambridge University Press, 1971).
21. D. H. Aldcroft and Peter Fearon, eds., British Economic Fluctuations, 1790 - 1939 (London, 1972), especially:
(a) Introduction by the editors, pp. 1-73 (skim read).
(b) W. W. Rostow, 'Cycles in the British Economy, 1790-1794', pp. 74-96. [From chapter 2 of W.W. Rostow, The British Economy of the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1948).]
(c) A. G. Ford, 'British Economic Fluctuations, 1870-1914', pp. 131-60. [Reprinted from The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 37 (1969).]
* (d) D. J. Coppock, 'The Causes of Business Fluctuations, 1870-1914', pp. 188-219. [Reprinted from Transactions of the Manchester Statistical Society (1959).]
(e) E. W. Cooney, 'Long Waves in Building in the British Economy of the Nineteenth Century', pp. 220 - 35. [Reprinted from Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 13 (1960 - 61).]
(f) H. J. Habakkuk, 'Fluctuations in House-Building in Britain and the United States in the Nineteenth Century', pp. 235 - 67. [Reprinted from The Journal of Economic History, 22 (1962). ]
(g) Jeffrey G. Williamson, 'The Long Swing: Comparisons and Interactions between British and American Balance of Payments, 1820 - 1913', pp. 268 - 90. [Reprinted from The Journal of Economic History, 22 (1962).]
* 22. Anna J. Schwartz, 'Monetary Trends in the United States and the United Kingdom, 1878 - 1970: Selected Findings', Journal of Economic History, 35 (March 1975), 138 - 59.
23. W. W. Rostow, 'Kondratieff, Schumpeter, and Kuznets: Trend Periods Revisited', Journal of Economic History, 35 (Dec. 1975), 719-53.
24. C. K. Harley, 'Goschen's Conversion of the National Debt and the Yield on Consols', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 29 (1976), 101-06.
* 25. C. K. Harley, 'The Interest Rate and Prices in Britain, 1873-1913: A Study of the Gibson Paradox', Explorations in Economic History, 14 (1977), 69-89. Involves econometrics.
26. Michael D. Bordo, 'The Income Effects of the Sources of New Money: A Comparison of the United States and the United Kingdom, 1870 - 1913', Explorations in Economic History, 14 (Jan. 1977), 20 - 43.
* 27. W. Arthur Lewis, Growth and Fluctuations, 1870-1913 (London, 1978).
(a) chapter 1, 'Prospectus: Engine of Growth', pp. 15-32.
(b) chapter 2, 'The Juglar Pattern', pp. 33-68.
(c) chapter 3, 'The Kondratiev Price Swing', pp. 69-93.
(d) chapter 5, 'The British Clinmacteric', pp. 112-34.
(e) chapter 6, 'The Rate of Growth', pp. 135-57.
28. Charles P. Kindleberger, Manias, Panics, and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises (New York, 1978). Methodological and topical; not chronological in organization; but see chapters 10-11.
29. W. W. Rostow and M. Kennedy, 'A Simple Model of the Kondratieff Cycle', Research in Economic History, 4 (1979), 1 - 36.
30. R. S. Hartman and David R. Wheeler, 'Schumpeterian Waves of Innovation and Infrastructure Development in Great Britain and the U.S.', Research in Economic History, 4 (1979). Also concerning Kondtratiev cycles in this era.
31. Avner Offer, 'Ricardo's Paradox and the Movement of Rents in England, c. 1870-1910', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 33 (1980), 236-52.
32. W. Huffman and J. Lothian, 'Money in the United Kingdom, 1833 - 1880', Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 12 (1980), 155-74.
** 33. Michael D. Bordo and Anna J. Schwartz, 'Money and Prices in the Nineteenth Century: An Old Debate Rejoined', Journal of Economic History, 40 (March 1980), 61 - 72. An attack on the 'real' theories of Lewis and Rostow, followed by a discussion of their paper by Professors Micheal Edelstein and Richard Sylla. See also the following related article.
** 34. Michael D. Bordo and Anna J. Schwartz, 'Money and Prices in the 19th Century: Was Thomas Tooke Right?' Explorations in Economic History, 18 (1981), 91 - 127.
35. Michael D. Bordo, 'The U. K. Money Supply, 1870 - 1914', Research in Economic History, 6 (1981), 107 - 25.
36. Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz, Monetary Trends in the United States and the United Kingdom (Chicago, 1982).
37. L. Presnell, 'The Sterling System and Financial Crises Before 1914', in C. P. Kindleberger and J. P. Laffargue, eds., Financial Crises: Theory, History, and Policy (New York, 1982).
38. Forrest Capie and Ghila Rodrik-Bali, 'Concentration in British Banking, 1870 - 1920', Business History, 24 (November 1982), 280-92.
39. Charles Kindleberger, 'The Cyclical Pattern of Long-Term Lending', in Mark Gersovitz, Carlos Diaz-Alejandro, Gustav Ranis, and Mark Rosenzweig, eds., The Theory and Experience of Economic Development: Essays in Honor of Sir W. Arthur Lewis (London, 1982), pp. 300 - 12. Reprinted in Charles Kindleberger, Keynsianism vs. Monetarism: And Other Essays in Financial History (London, 1985), pp. 141 - 54.
40. Michael Collins, 'Long Term Growth of the English Banking Sector and Money Stock, 1844 - 1880', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 36 (1983), 374-94.
* 41. Barry Eichengreen, 'The Causes of British Business Cycles', Journal of European Economic History, 12 (Spring 1983), 145 - 651. On the current debate concerning the role of real and monetary factors.
42. W. Huffman and J. Lothian, 'The Gold Standard and the Transmission of Business Cycles, 1873 - 1932', in M. D. Bordo and A. J. Schwartz, eds., A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard, 1821 - 1931 (Chicago, 1984).
43. Stanley Chapman, The Rise of Merchant Banking (London, 1984), chapters 4, 6-10.
44. Charles P. Kindleberger, A Financial History of Western Europe (London, 1984), chapters 12 - 15.
45. Charles P. Kindleberger, 'Financial Institutions and Economic Development: A Comparison of Great Britain and France in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries', Explorations in Economic History, 21 (1984), 103 - 24. Reprinted in Charles Kindleberger, Keynsianism vs. Monetarism: And Other Essays in Financial History (London, 1985), pp. 65 - 85.
46. Charles Kindleberger, 'International Propagation of Financial Crises: the Experience of 1888-93', in Wolfram Engels, Armin Gutkowski, and Henry Wallich, eds., Capital Movements, Debt and Monetary System (Mainz, 1984), pp. 217 - 34. Reprinted in Charles Kindleberger, Keynsianism vs. Monetarism: And Other Essays in Financial History (London, 1985), pp. 226 - 39.
47. Charles Kindleberger, Keynsianism vs. Monetarism: And Other Essays in Financial History (London, 1985), especially:
a) 'Financial Institutions and Economic Development: A Comparison of Great Britain and France in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries', pp. 65 - 85. [Reprinted from Explorations in Economic History, 21 (1984), 103 - 24.]
b) 'The Cyclical Pattern of Long-Term Lending', pp. 141 - 55. [Reprinted from Mark Gersovitz, Carlos Diaz-Alejandro, Gustav Ranis, and Mark Rosenzweig, eds., The Theory and Experience of Economic Development: Essays in Honor of Sir W. Arthur Lewis (London, 1982), pp. 300 - 12.]
c) 'International Propagation of Financial Crises: the Experience of 1888-93', pp. 226-39. [Reprinted from Wolfram Engels, Armin Gutkowski, and Henry Wallich, eds., Capital Movements, Debt and Monetary System (Mainz, 1984), pp. 217 - 34.]
48. Forest Capie and Alan Webber, A Monetary History of the U. K., 1870 - 1982, Vol. I: Data, Sources, and Methods (London, 1985).
49. Michael D. Bordo, 'Financial Crises, Banking Crises, Stock Market Crashes and the Money Supply: Some International Evidence, 1870 - 1933', in Forrest H. Capie and G. Ed. Wood, eds., Financial Crises and the World Banking System (London: MacMillan, 1986).
50. Michael D. Bordo, 'Explorations in Monetary History: A Survey of the Literature', Explorations in Economic History, 23 (1986), 339-415, especially pp. 345 - 53.
51. Solomos Solomou, 'Non-Balanced Growth and Kondratieff Waves in the World Economy, 1850-1913', Journal of Economic History, 46 (1986), 165-70.
52. Solomos Solomou, Phases of Economic Growth, 1850 - 1973: Kondratieff Waves and Kuznets Swings (Cambridge University Press, 1988; reissued in paperback 1990). Chapters 3, 4, 6, 7.
53. P. L. Cottrell and Donald Moggridge, eds., Money and Power: Essays in Honour of L. S. Pressnell (London: Macmillan, 1988). Concerns post-1850 British monetary history.
54. Michael Collins, Money and Banking in the U.K.: A History (London, 1988).
55. Michael Collins, 'The Banking Crisis of 1878', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 42 (Nov. 1989), 504-27.
56. Michèle Saint Marc, 'Monetary History in the Long Run: How Are Monetarization and Monetarism Implicated in France, in the U.K., and in the U.S.?' Journal of European Economic History, 18 (Winter 1989), 551 - 82.
57. Terence C. Mills, 'A Note on the Gibson Paradox during the Gold Standard', Explorations in Economic History, 27 (July 1990), 277-86.
58. P. L. Cottrell, 'Great Britain', in Rondo Cameron and V. I. Bovykin, eds., International Banking, Foreign Investment, and Industrial Finance, 1870 - 1914 (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
59. J. J. Van Helten and Y. Cassis, eds., Capitalism in a Mature Economy: Financial Institutions, Capital Exports, and British Industry, 1870 - 1939 (Elgard, 1990).
60. Dieter Ziegler, Central Bank, Peripheral Industry: The Bank of England in the Provinces, 1826 - 1913, trans. Eileen Martin (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1990).
61. Michael Collins, British Banks and Industrial Finance Before 1939, Studies in Economic and Social History (London: Macmillan Press, 1991).
62. Rondo Cameron, Financing Industrialisation (London, 1991).
63. Michael Bordo, Financial Crises (London, 1991).
64. James Foreman-Peck, ed., New Perspectives on the Late Victorian Economy: Essays in Quantitative Economic History, 1860 - 1914, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
a) Forrest H. Capie, Terence C. Mills, and Geoffrey Wood, 'Money, Interest Rates and the Great Depression: Britain from 1870 to 1913', pp. 249 - 284.
b) Paul Turner, 'The UK Demand for Money, Commercial Bills and Quasi-Money Assets, 1871 - 1913', p. 285 - 304.
c) Tessa Ogden, 'An Analysis of Bank of England Discount and Advance Behaviour, 1870 - 1914', pp. 305 - 43.
65. Youssef Cassis, ed., Finance and Financiers in European History, 1880 - 1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
66. Rondo Cameron and V. I. Bovykin, eds., International Banking, 1870 - 1914 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991).
* 67. Forrest H. Capie and Terence C. Mills, 'Money and Business Cycles in the U.S. and the U.K., 1870 to 1913', Manchester School, 53 (1991): Supplement, 38-56.
** 68. Forrest H. Capie and Terence C. Mills, 'Money and Business Cycles in the United States, 1870 to 1913: A Re-examination of Friedman and Schwartz', Explorations in Economic History, 29:3 (July 1992), 251-73.
69. Lee A. Craig and Douglas Fisher, 'Integration of the European Business Cycle: 1871 - 1910', Explorations in Economic History, 29 (April 1992), 144 - 68.
70. S. N. Broadberry and N. F. R. Crafts, eds., Britain in the International Economy, 1870 - 1939, Studies in Monetary and Financial History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). See particular essays in section E below.
71. M. Perlman, 'In Search of Monetary Union', Journal of European Economic History, 22:2 (Fall 1993), 313-11. On 19th-century European monetary integration proposals.
72. Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., The Economic History of Britain Since 1700, 3 vols., 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994): Vol. 2: 1860-1939:
a) Michael Edelstein, 'Foreign Investment and Accumulation, 1860 - 1914', pp. 173-96.
b) Michael Edelstein, 'Imperialism: Cost and Benefit', pp. 197-216.
c) Forest Capie and Geoffrey Wood, 'Money in the Economy, 1870 - 1939', pp. 217-46.
d) Solomos Solomou, 'Economic Fluctuations, 1870 - 1913', pp. 247-64.
73. Youssef Cassis, City Bankers, 1890 - 1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
74. Forrest Capie, Charles Goodhart, Stanley Fischer, and Norbert Schnadt, The Future of Central Banking: the Tercentenary Symposium of the Bank of England (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
75. Glyn Davies, A History of Money: From Ancient Times to the Present Day (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1994), chapter 7, pp. 339-64.
76. John F. Chown, A History of Money from AD 800 (London and New York: Routledge, 1994), chapters 7-9, pp. 67-92.).
77. Olivier Jeanne, 'Monetary Policy in England, 1893 - 1914: A Structural VAR Analysis', Explorations in Economic History, 32:3 (July 1995), 302-26.
78. Forrest H. Capie and Terence C. Mills, 'British Bank Conservatism in the Late 19th Century', Explorations in Economic History, 32:3 (July 1995), 409-20.
* 79. Richard Roberts and David Kynaston, eds., The Bank of England, 1694 - 1994: Money, Power, and Influence (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
80. Giulio M. Gallarotti, The Anatomy of An International Monetary Regime: The Classical Gold Standard, 1880 - 1914 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
* 81. Barry Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).
82. Marc Flandreau, 'Central Bank Cooperation in Historical Perspective: a Sceptical View', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 50:4 (November 1997), 735-63.
83. Trish Kelly, 'Ability and Willingness to Pay in the Age of Pax Britannica, 1890 - 1914', Explorations in Economic History, 35:1 (January 1998), 31-58.
84. Michael Collins, 'English Bank Development within a European Context, 1870 - 1939', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 51:1 (February 1998), 1-24.
85. Mae Baker and Michael Collins, 'Financial Crises and Structural Change in English Commercial Bank Assets, 1860 - 1913', Explorations in Economic History, 36:4 (October 1999), 428-44.
86. Solomos Solomou, Economic Cycles: Long Cycles and Business Cycles Since 1870 (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1998).
87. Luca Einaudi, ' From the Franc to the "Europe:" the Attempted Transformation of the Latin Monetary Union into a European Monetary Union, 1865-1873', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 53:2 (May 2000),284-308.
88. Solomos Solomou and Luis Catao, 'Effective Exchange Rates, 1879 - 1913', European Review of Economic History, 4:3 (December 2000), 361-82.
E. British Entrepeneurship, Business Organization, and Industrial Technology: Specialized Studies in British Industries, 1870 - 1914: General
1. H. A. Shannon, 'The Coming of General Limited Liability', Economic History, 2 (1931), reissued in E. M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. I (London, 1954), pp. 358 - 79.
2. H. A. Shannon, 'The Limited Companies of 1866 - 1883', Economic History Review, 1st ser. 4 (1933), reissued in E. M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. I (London, 1954), pp. 380 - 405.
3. J. B. Jeffreys, Retail Trading in Britain, 1850-1950 (Cambridge, 1954).
4. M. Frankel, 'Obsolescence and Technological Change in a Mature Economy', American Economic Review, 65 (1955).
5. Walther Hoffmann, British Industry, 1700 - 1950 (Oxford, 1955). 'Source of the only complete index of industrial production' in this era.' (B. Saul)
6. Edward Ames and Nathan Rosenberg, 'Changing Technological Leadership and Industrial Growth', Economic Journal, 73 (1963).
** 7. Derek Aldcroft, 'The Entrepreneur and the British Economy, 1870 - 1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 17 (August 1964), 113 - 34; reprinted in Derek Aldcroft and H.W. Richardson, eds., The British Economy, 1870-1939 (London, 1969), pp. 141 - 67.
8. Peter Mathias, The Retailing Revolution (London, 1965).
9. Sidney Pollard, The Genesis of Modern Management (London, 1965).
** 10. Charles Wilson, 'Economy and Society in Late Victorian Britain', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 18 (1965), 183-97, reprinted in Charles Wilson, Economic History and the Historian: Collected Essays (1969), pp. 178-200.
* 11. D. H. Aldcroft, 'Technical Progress and British Enterprise, 1875-1914', Business History, 8 (1966); reprinted in Derek Aldcroft and H.W. Richardson, eds., The British Economy, 1870-1939 (London, 1969), pp. 168 - 89.
12. D. H. Aldcroft, 'The Problem of Productivity in British Industry, 1870-1914', La Scuola in Azione, 5 (1967); reprinted in Derek Aldcroft and H.W. Richardson, eds., The British Economy, 1870-1939 (London, 1969), pp. 126 - 40.
13. P. L. Payne, 'The Emergence of the Large-Scale Company in Great Britain', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 20 (1967), 519-42.
14. D. Ward, 'The Public Schools and Industry in Britain After 1870', Journal of Contemporary History, 2 (1967).
15. A. J. Levine, Industrial Retardation in Britain, 1880-1914 (London, 1967).
16. T. J. Byres, 'Entrepreneurship in the Scottish Heavy Industries, 1870-1900', in P.L. Payne, ed., Studies in Scottish Business History, (Edinburgh, 1967).
* 17. Derek Aldcroft and H.W. Richardson, eds., The British Economy, 1870-1939 (London, 1969). Read the introduction, pp. 3 - 100 (ignoring the post-1914 sections); and the following essays (already cited in Section A):
(a) H. W. Richardson, 'Retardation in Britain's Industrial Growth, 1870-1913', pp. 101 - 25. [Reprinted from The Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 12 (1965).]
(b) D. H. Aldcroft, 'The Problem of Productivity in British Industry, 1870-1914', pp. 126 - 40. [Reprinted from La Scuola in Azione, 5 (1967).]
(c) Derek Aldcroft, 'The Entrepreneur and the British Economy, 1870 - 1914', pp. 141 - 67. [reprinted from Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 17 (August 1964), 113 - 34.]
(d) D. H. Aldcroft, 'Technical Progress and British Enterprise, 1875-1914', pp. 168 - 89. [Reprinted from Business History, 8 (1966).]
* 18. Donald McCloskey, 'Did Victorian Britain Fail?' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 23 (1970), 446-59. Reprinted in Donald N. McCloskey, Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain: Essays in Historical Economics (London, 1981), pp. 94 - 110.
* 19. Donald McCloskey, ed., Essays on a Mature Economy: Britain After 1840 (Princeton, 1971). See the essays cited above in section A, especially:
a) Donald McCloskey, 'International Differences in Productivity? Coal and Steel in American and Britain Before World War I', pp. 285-304.
b) Peter Lindert and Keith Trace, 'Yardsticks for Victorian Entrepreneurs', pp. 239-74.
c) S. B. Saul, 'Some Thoughts on the Performance of the Late Victorian Economy', pp. 393-400.
** 20. Donald McCloskey and Lars Sandberg, 'From Damnation to Redemption: Judgements on the Late Victorian Entrepreneur', Explorations in Economic History, 9 (1971-72), 90-108. Reprinted in Donald N. McCloskey, Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain: Essays in Historical Economics (London, 1981), pp. 55 - 72.
21. Michael Sanderson, The Universities and British Industry, 1850-1970 (London, 1972).
* 22. Donald Coleman, 'Gentlemen and Players', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 92-116.
23. Derek Aldcroft, 'McCloskey on Victorian Growth: A Comment', and Donald McCloskey, 'Victorian Growth: A Rejoinder to Derek Aldcroft', both in: Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 27 (1974), 271-77. Reprinted in Donald N. McCloskey, Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain: Essays in Historical Economics (London, 1981), pp. 111 - 19.
* 24. C. K. Harley, 'Skilled Labour and the Choice of Technique in Edwardian England', Explorations in Economic History, 11 (1974), 391-414.
** 25. Peter L. Payne, British Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth Century, Studies in Economic History series (London, 1974), pp. 11-61; pp. 45-57, especially.
26. J. A. Schmeichen, 'State Reform and the Local Economy: An Aspect of Industrialization in Late Victorian and Edwardian London', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 38 (1975), 260-79.
27. Colin J. Holmes, 'Laissez-Faire in Theory and Practice: Britain, 1800 - 1875', Journal of European Economic History, 5 (Winter 1976), 671-88.
28. Leslie Hannah, 'Business Development and Economic Structure in Britain since 1880', in Leslie Hannah, ed., Management Strategy and Business Development: An Historical and Comparative Study (London, 1976).
29. Leslie Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (London, 1976).
* 30. Peter L. Payne, 'Industrial Entrepreneurship and Management in Great Britain', in P. Mathias and M. Postan, eds., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. VII: The Industrial Economies, Part 1 (Cambridge, 1978), pp. 180-230, pp. 193-210, especially. See B. 12, above.
* 31. N.F.R. Crafts, 'Victorian Britain Did Fail', and Donald McCloskey, 'No It Did Not: A Reply to Crafts', both in Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 32 (1979), 533-41. Reprinted in Donald N. McCloskey, Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain: Essays in Historical Economics (London, 1981), pp. 126 - 38.
32. R. S. Hartman and David R. Wheeler, 'Schumpeterian Waves of Innovation and Infrastructure Development in Great Britain and the U.S.', Research in Economic History, 4 (1979). Concerning Kondratiev cycles in this era.
33. Alfred D. Chandler, 'The Growth of the Transnational Industrial Firm in the United States and the United Kingdom: A Comparative Analysis', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 33 (1980), 396-410.
** 34. Donald N. McCloskey, Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain: Essays in Historical Economics (London, 1981):
** (a) Donald McCloskey and Lars Sandberg, 'From Damnation to Redemption: Judgements on the Late Victorian Entrepreneur', pp. 55-72. [Reprinted from Explorations in Economic History, 9 (1971-72), 90-108.]
(b) Donald McCloskey, 'International Differences in Productivity? Coal and Steel in America and Britain Before World War I', pp. 285-312. [Reprinted from Donald McCloskey, ed., Essays on a Mature Economy: Britain After 1840 (Princeton, 1971), pp. 285 - 304.]
(c) Donald McCloskey, 'Did Victorian Britain Fail?', pp. 94-110. [Reprinted from Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 23 (1970).]
(d) Derek Aldcroft, 'McCloskey on Victorian Growth: A Comment', and Donald McCloskey, 'Victorian Growth: A Rejoinder to Derek Aldcroft', pp. 111-18. [Reprinted from Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 27 (1974), 271-77.]
(e) N. F. R. Crafts, 'Victorian Britain Did Fail', and Donald McCloskey, 'No It Did Not: A Reply to Crafts', pp. 126-35. [Reprinted from Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 32 (1979).]
** 35. Lars G. Sandberg, 'The Entrepreneur and Technological Change', in R.C. Floud and D.N. McCloskey, eds., Economic History of Britain Since 1700, Vol. II: 1860 to the 1970s (Cambridge, 1981), pp. 99 - 120.
36. M. J. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit, 1850 - 1980 (Cambridge, 1981).
37. W.D. Rubinstein, 'New Men of Wealth and the Purchase of Land in Nineteenth-Century Britain', Past & Present, no. 92 (1981), pp. 125-47.
38. Robert R. Locke, The End of the Practical Man: Higher Education and the Institutionalization of Entrepreneurial Performance in Germany, France, and Great Britain, 1880 to 1940, in the series Industrial Development and the Social Fabric, vol. 7, edited by John McKay (London: JAI Press, 1984).
39. E. W. Evans and N. C. Wiseman, 'Education, Training, and Economic Performance: British Economists' Views, 1868 - 1914', Journal of European Economic History, 13 (Spring 1984), 129 - 48.
40. Y. Cassis, 'Bankers in English Society in the Late Nineteenth Century', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 38 (May 1985), 210-29.
41. S. D. Chapman, 'British-Based Investment Groups Before 1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 38 (May 1985), 230-51.
* 42. Donald Coleman and Christine MacLeod, 'Attitudes to New Techniques: British Businessmen, 1800 - 1950', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 39 (November 1986), 588 - 611.
43. M. J. Daunton, ' 'Gentlemanly Capitalism' and British Industry, 1820 - 1914', Past & Present, no. 122 (February 1989), pp. 119 - 48.
* 44. Kenneth D. Brown, 'Models in History: A Micro-Study of Late Nineteenth-Century British Entrepreneurship', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 42 (Nov. 1989), 528-37.
45. F. M. L. Thompson, 'Life After Death: How Successful Nineteenth-Century Businessmen Disposed of Their Fortunes', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 43 (Feb. 1990), 40 - 61.
* 46. Frank Geary, 'Accounting for Entrepreneurship in Late Victorian Britain', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (May 1990), 283-87.
47. Howard Archer, 'The Role of the Entrepreneur in the Emergence and Development of UK Multinational Enterprises', Journal of European Economic History, 19 (Fall 1990), 293 - 309.
48. W.D. Rubinstein and M.J. Daunton, 'Debate: 'Gentlemanly Capitalism' and British Industry, 1820-1914', Past & Present, no. 132 (August 1991): 'Comment: by W.D. Rubinstein, pp. 150-70; 'Reply', by M.J. Daunton, pp. 170-87.
* 49. Hubert Kiesewetter, 'Competition for Wealth and Power: The Growing Rivalry between Industrial Britain and Industrial Germany, 1815 - 1914', Journal of European Economic History, 20 (Fall 1991), 271 - 299.
50. Michael Sanderson, Education, Economic Change, and Society in England, 1780 - 1870, 2nd edition, New Studies in Economic and Social History (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
51. James Foreman-Peck, ed., New Perspectives on the Late Victorian Economy: Essays in Quantitative Economic History, 1860 - 1914, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
a) James Foreman-Peck, 'Quantitative Analysis of the Victorian Economy', pp. 1 - 34.
b) John Cantwell, 'Historical Trends in International Patterns of Technological Innovation', pp. 37 - 72.
c) James Foreman-Peck, 'Railways and Late Victorian Growth', pp. 73 - 95.
d) Robert Millward, 'Emergence of Gas and Water Monopolies in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Contested Markets and Public Control', pp. 96 - 124.
e) Stephen Nicholas, 'The Expansion of British Multinational Companies: Testing for Managerial Failure', pp. 125 - 45.
h) John G. Treble, 'Perfect Equilibrium Down the Pit', pp. 218-46.
52. R. D. Anderson, Universities and Elites in Britain Since 1800, New Studies in Economic and Social History (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
53. Stanley Chapman, Merchant Enterprise in Britain: From the Industrial Revolution to World War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
* 54. Christine MacLeod, 'Strategies for Innovation: The Diffusion of New Technology in Nineteenth-Century British Industry', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 45 (May 1992), 285 - 307.
55. W.D. Rubinstein', Cutting Up the Rich: A Reply to F.M.L. Thompson', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 45 (May 1992), 350-61. See Thompson (1990).
56. F.M.L. Thompson, 'Stitching It Together Again', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 45 (May 1992), 362-75. A reply to the previous article.
57. Paul L. Robertson and Lee J. Alston, 'Technological Choice and the Organisation of Work in Capitalist Firms', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 45 (May 1992), 330 - 49. Though not specifically related to this period, an article important for a relevant theoretical model, and useful for comparative economic history.
* 58. M. W. Kirby, 'Institutional Rigidities and Economic Decline: Reflections on the British Experience', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 45:4 (November 1992), 637-60.
59. Howard F. Gospel, Markets, Firms, and the Management of Labour in Modern Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). Chiefly on the 20th century.
60. William Lazonick, Business Organisation and the Myth of the Market Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
** 61. Harmut Berghoff and Roland Möller, 'Tired Pioneers and Dynamic Newcomers? A Comparative Essay on English and German Entrepreneurial History, 1870 - 1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 47:2 (May 1994), 262-87.
62. S. N. Broadberry, 'Comparative Productivity in British and American Manufacturing during the Nineteenth Century', Explorations in Economic History, 31:4 (October 1994), 521-48.
** 63. Sidney Pollard, 'Entrepreneurship, 1870 - 1914', in Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., The Economic History of Britain Since 1700, 2nd edition, vol. 2: 1860 - 1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 62-89.
64. Maurice W. Kirby and Mary B. Rose, Business Enterprise in Modern Britain from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century (London and New York: Routledge, 1994).
65. John F. Wilson, British Business History, 1720 - 1994 (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1995).
66. Derek H. Aldcroft and Anthony Slaven, eds., Enterprise and Management: Essays in Honour of Peter L. Payne (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1995).
67. Gordon H. Boyce, Information, Mediation and Institutional Development: The Rise of Large-Scale Enterprise in British Shipping, 1870 - 1919 (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1995).
68. Bill Lancaster, The Department Store: A Social History (London and New York: Leicester University Press, 1995).
69. Arthur J. McIvor, Organized Capital: Employers' Organizations and Industrial Relations in Northern England, 1880 - 1939 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
70. S.N. Broadberry, British Manufacturing in International Perspective, 1850 - 1990 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
71. Derek Matthews, Malcolm Anderson, and John Richard Edwards, 'The Rise of the Professional Accountant in British Management', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 50:3 (August 1997), 407-29.
72. Horst A. Wessel, 'Mannesmann in Great Britain, 1888 - 1936: an Investment Dependent on Politics and the Market', The Journal of European Economic History, 26:2 (Fall 1997), 399-410.
* 73. Peter Clarke and Clive Trebilcock, eds., Understanding Decline: Perceptions and Realities of British Economic Performance (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
74. E.A. Wasson, 'The Penetration of New Wealth into the English Governing Class from the Middle Ages to the First World War', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 51:1 (February 1998), 25-48.
75. Timothy Alborn, Conceiving Companies: Joint-Stock Politics in Victorian England (London: Routledge, 1998).
76. Tom Nicholas, 'Businessmen and Land Ownership in the Late Nineteenth Century', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 52:1 (February 1999), 27-44.
** 77. Tom Nicholas, 'Clogs to Clogs in Three Generations? Explaining Entrepreneurial Performance in Britain since 1850', Journal of Economic History, 59:3 (Sept. 1999), 688-713.
* 78. Michael Sanderson, Education and Economic Decline in Britain, 1870 to the 1990s, Economic History Society series (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
79. Sara Horrell and Deborah Oxley, 'Work and Prudence: Household Responses to Income Variation in Nineteenth-Century Britain', European Review of Economic History, 4:1 (April 2000), 27-58.
80. Julia Smith, 'Land Ownership and Social Change in Late Nineteenth-Century Britain', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 53:4 (November 2000), 767-76. A comment on Tom Nicholas, 'Businessmen and Land Ownership in the Late Nineteenth Century', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 52:1 (February 1999), 27-44.
81. Tom Nicholas, 'Businessmen and Land Ownership in the Late Nineteenth Century Revisited', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 53:4 (November 2000), 777-82.
82. Robin Pearson and David Richardson, 'Business Networking in the Industrial Revolution, The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 54:4 (November 2001), 657-79.
F. Enterprise and Technology: Comparisons between Great Britain, Germany and the United States in the Later Nineteenth Century.
[i] General Comparisons
1. D. L. Burn, 'The Genesis of American Engineering Competition, 1850-1870', Economic History, 2 (Jan. 1931); reprinted in S. B. Saul, ed., Technological Change: The United States and Britain in the 19th Century, Debates in Economic History series (London, 1970), pp. 77 - 98.
2. F. B. Hozelitz, 'Entrepreneurship and Capital Formation in France and Britain since 1700', Capital Formation and Economic Growth (National Bureau of Economic Research, Princeton, 1956).
3. Sidney Pollard, 'British and World Shipbuilding, 1890-1914: a Study in Comparative Costs', Journal of Economic History, 17 (1957).
** 4. David Landes, 'The Structure of Enterprise in the Nineteenth Century: The Cases of Britain and Germany', Rapports, XIe Congrès International des Sciences Historiques, Vol. V: Histoire Contemporaine (Stockholm, 1960), pp. 107-28; republished in abridged form in David Landes, ed., The Rise of Capitalism (New York, 1966), pp. 99-111.
5. S. B. Saul, 'The American Impact on British Industry, 1895-1914', Business History, 3 (1960).
* 6. H. J. Habbakuk, American and British Technology in the Nineteenth Century: The Search for Labour-Saving Inventions (1962), Chapter 6, 'Technology and Growth in Britain in the Later Nineteenth Century'.
** 7. Charles P. Kindleberger, Economic Growth in France and Britain, 1851-1950 (Cambridge, Mass. 1964), Chapter 6, 'Entrepreneurship', pp. 113-34; Chapter 8, 'Scale and Competition', pp. 161-82.
8. S. B. Saul, 'The Market and the Development of the Mechanical Engineering Industries in Britain, 1860-1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 20 (1967), 111-30; reprinted in S. B. Saul, ed., Technological Change: The United States and Britain in the 19th Century, Debates in Economic History series (London, 1970), pp. 141 - 70.
* 9. Derek Aldcroft, 'British Industry and Foreign Competition, 1875-1914', in Derek Aldcroft, ed., , British Industry and Foreign Competition (1968), pp. 11-36.
10. S. B. Saul, 'The Engineering Industry', in Derek Aldcroft, ed., The Development of British Industry and Foreign Competition (1968), modifying his earlier views.
11. Lars Sandberg, 'American Rings and English Mules: The Role of Economic Rationality', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 83 (February 1969); reprinted in S. B. Saul, ed., Technological Change: The United States and Britain in the 19th Century, Debates in Economic History series (London, 1970), pp. 120 - 40.
* 12. David Landes, The Unbound Prometheus (1969), Chapters 4 ('Closing the Gap') and 5 ('Short Breath and Second Wind'), especially pp. 326-58.
13. S. B. Saul, ed., Technological Change: The United States and Britain in the 19th Century, Debates in Economic History series (London, 1970). Especially:
(a) H. J. Habbakuk, 'The Economic Effects of Labour Scarcity', pp. 23 - 76. [Reprinted from H.J. Habbakuk, American and British Technology in the Nineteenth Century: The Search for Labour-Saving Inventions (1962).]
(b) D.L. Burn, 'The Genesis of American Engineering Competition, 1850-1870', pp. 77-98. [Reprinted from Economic History, 2 (1931).]
(b) Lars Sandberg, 'American Rings and English Mules: The Role of Economic Rationality', pp. 120-40 [reprinted from Quarterly Journal of Economics, 83 (1969).]
(c) S. B. Saul, 'The Market and the Development of the Mechanical Engineering Industries in Britain, 1860-1914', pp. 141-70 [reprinted from the Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 20 (1967), 111-30.]
14. Roy Church, 'The British Leather Industry and Foreign Competition, 1870-1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 24 (1971), 543-70.
15. E. Asher, 'Industrial Efficiency and Biased Technical Change in American and British Manufacturing: The Case for Textiles in the Nineteenth Century', Journal of Economic History, 32 (1972), 431-42.
16. Clive Trebilcock, 'British Armaments and European Industrialization, 1890-1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 254-73.
17. R. C. Floud, 'The Adolescence of American Engineering Competition, 1860-1900', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 27 (1974), 57-71.
18. Graeme M. Holmes, Britain and America: A Comparative Economic History, 1850 - 1939 (London and New York, 1976), chapters 1 - 5, pp. 1 - 105.
19. L. W. McLean, 'Anglo-American Engineering Competition, 1870-1914': Some Third Market Evidence', Economic Review, 2nd ser. 29 (1976), 452-64.
** 20. Charles P. Kindleberger, 'Germany's Overtaking of England, 1806 to 1914', in his Economic Response: Comparative Studies in Trade, Finance, and Growth (Cambridge, Mass. 1978), pp. 185-235.
21. Patrick O'Brien and Caglar Keyder, Economic Growth in Britain and France, 1780-1914 (1978) Chapter 6, 'Industries'.
22. William H. Lazonick, 'Production Relations, Labor Productivity, and Choice of Techniques: British and U.S. Cotton Spinning', Journal of Economic History, 41 (1981), 491 - 516.
23. Geoffrey Jones, 'The Growth and Performance of British Multinational Firms Before 1939: The Case of Dunlop', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 37 (Feb. 1984), 35 - 53.
24. Stephen Nicholas, 'The Overseas Marketing Peformance of British Industry', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 37 (Nov. 1984), 489 - 506.
25. E. H. Lorenz, 'Two Patterns of Development: The Labour Process in the British and French Shipbuilding Industries, 1880 to 1930', Journal of European Economic History, 13 (Winter 1984), 599 - 634.
26. François Crouzet, De la supériorité de l'Angleterre sur la France: l'économique et l'imaginaire, XVIIe - XXe siècle (Paris, 1985). Reissued in revised form and in English translation as Britain Ascendant: Comparative Studies in British and Franco-British Economic History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
27. Clark Nardinelli, 'Productivity in XIXth Century France and Britain: A Note on the Comparisons', Journal of European Economic History, 17 (Fall 1988), 427-34.
28. Daniel R. Headrick, The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850 - 1940 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).
29. Nicholas F.R. Crafts, 'British Industrialization in an International Context', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 19 (Winter 1989), 415 - 28.
30. Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), chapter 6, 'The Later Nineteenth Century: 1830-1914', pp. 113-48; chapter 10, 'The Industrial Revolution: Britain and Europe', pp. 239-69.
31. David J. Jeremy, ed., International Technology Transfer: Europe, Japan, and the U.S.A., 1700 - 1914 (London, 1991).
* 32. Hubert Kiesewetter, 'Competition for Wealth and Power: The Growing Rivalry between Industrial Britain and Industrial Germany, 1815 - 1914', Journal of European Economic History, 20 (Fall 1991), 271 - 299.
33. Alfred Chandler, Jr., 'Creating Competitive Capability: Innovation and Investment in the United States, Great Britain, and Germany from the 1870s to World War I', in Patrice Higonnet, David Landes, and Henry Rosovsky, eds., Favorites of Fortune: Technology, Growth, and Economic Development Since the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1991), pp. 432-58.
34. Clive Trebilcock, 'Science, Technology and the Armaments Industry in the UK and Europe, 1880-1914', Journal of European Economic History, 22:3 (Winter 1993), 565-80.
** 35. Harmut Berghoff and Roland Möller, 'Tired Pioneers and Dynamic Newcomers? A Comparative Essay on English and German Entrepreneurial History, 1870 - 1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 47:2 (May 1994), 262-87.
36. Robert Fox and Anna Guagnini, 'Starry Eyes and Harsh Realities: Education, Research, and the Electrical Engineer in Europe, 1880-1914', Journal of European Economic History, 23:1 (Spring 1994), 69 - 92.
37. S. N. Broadberry, 'Comparative Productivity in British and American Manufacturing during the Nineteenth Century', Explorations in Economic History, 31:4 (October 1994), 521-48.
38. Frank Dobbin, Forging Industrial Policy: The United States, Britain, and France in the Railway Age (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
39. John C. Brown, 'Imperfect Competition and Anglo-German Trade Rivalry: Markets for Cotton Textiles before 1914', Journal of Economic History, 55:3 (September 1995), 494-527.
* 40. S. N. Broadberry, 'Anglo-German Productivity Differences, 1870 - 1990: A Sectoral Analysis', European Review of Economic History, 1:2 (August 1997), 247-67.
41. Stephen N. Broadberry, British Manufacturing in International Perspective, 1850 - 1990 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
* 42. Y. Goo Park, 'Depression and Capital Formation: the United Kingdom and Germany, 1873 - 1896', The Journal of European Economic History, 26:3 (Winter 1997), 511-34.
* 43. David Greasley and Les Oxley, 'Comparing British and American Economic and Industrial Performance, 1860 - 1993: A Times Series Perspective', Explorations in Economic History, 35:2 (April 1998), 171-95.
* 44. Stephen N. Broadberry, 'How did the United States and Germany Overtake Britain? A Sectoral Analysis of Comparative Productivity Levels, 1870 - 1990', Journal of Economic History, 58:2 (June 1998), 375-407.
45. Mary B. Rose, Firms, Networks and Business Values: The British and American Cotton Industries since 1750 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
46. Anne Orde, Religion, Business, and Society in North-East England: the Pease Family of Darlington in the Nineteenth Century (Stamford: Shaun Tyas, 2000).
[ii] International Competition in Coal, Iron and Steel
* 1. Duncan Burn, The Economic History of Steelmaking, 1867-1939: A Study in Competition (Cambridge, 1961).
2. Peter Temin, 'Relative Decline of the British Steel Industry, 1880-1913', in Henry Rosovsky, ed., Industrialization in Two Systems: Essays in Honour of Alexander Gerschenkron (Cambridge, Mass., 1966), pp. 140-55.
3. Alan Birch, The Economic History of the British Iron and Steel Industry, 1784-1879 (London, 1967).
4. Donald McCloskey, 'Productivity Changes in British Pig Iron, 1870-1939', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 82 (1968).
* 5. Donald McCloskey, 'International Differences in Productivity? Coal and Steel in America and Britain Before World War I', in D.N. McCloskey, ed., Essays on a Mature Economy: Britain After 1840 (Princeton, 1971), pp. 285-321; reprinted in D.N. McCloskey, Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain (London, 1981), pp. 73-93.
6. Donald McCloskey, Economic Maturity and Entrepreneurial Decline: British Iron and Steel, 1870-1913 (Cambridge, Mass. 1973).
* 7. Robert Allen, 'International Competition in Iron and Steel, 1850-1913', Journal of Economic History, 39 (1979), 911-38.
* 8. Steven B. Webb, 'Tariffs, Cartels, Technology, and Growth in the German Steel Industry, 1879 to 1914', Journal of Economic History, 40 (1980), 309-30.
9. Robert Allen, 'Entrepreneurship and Technical Progress in the Northeast Coast Pig Iron Industry, 1850 - 1913', Research in Economic History, 6 (1981).
10. Richard Tilly, 'Mergers, External Growth, and Finance in the Development of Large-Scale Enterprise in Germany, 1880-1913', Journal of Economic History, 42 (Sept. 1982), 629-58. [On various industries, including coal and steel.]
11. B. R. Mitchell, The Economic Development of the British Coal Industry, 1800 - 1914 (Cambridge, 1984).
12. Roy Church, The History of the British Coal Industry, Vol 3: 1830 - 1913, Victorian Pre-eminence (Oxford, 1986).
13. J. R. Harris, The British Iron Industry, Studies in Economic History series (London: Macmillan, 1988).
14. Ulrich Wengenroth, 'Iron and Steel', in Rondo Cameron and V. I. Bovykin, eds., International Banking, Foreign Investment, and Industrial Finance, 1870 - 1914 (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
15. Kenneth Warren, Consett Iron, 1840 to 1980: A Study in Industrial Location (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
16. Judith Eisenberg Vichniac, The Management of Labor: The British and French Iron Industries, 1860 - 1918, in the series Industrial Development and the Social Fabric, Vol. 10, edited by John McKay (London: JAI Press, 1990).
17. James A. Jaffe, The Struggle for Market Power: Industrial Relations in the British Coal Industry, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
18. Patrice Higonnet, David Landes, and Henry Rosovsky, eds., Favorites of Fortune: Technology, Growth, and Economic Development Since the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1991.)
a) David Landes, 'Introduction: On Technology and Growth', pp. 1-32
b) Wolfram Fischer, 'The Choice of Technique: Entrepreneurial Decisions in the Nineteenth-Century European Cotton and Steel Industries', pp. 142-58.
c) Robert Allen, 'Entrepreneurship, Total Factor Productivity, and Economic Efficiency: Landes, Solow, and Farrell Thirty Years Later', pp. 203-20.
19. Ulrich Wengenroth, Enterprise and Technology: the German and British Steel Industries, 1865 - 1895, translated by Sarah Hanbury Tenison (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
20. Geoffrey Tweedale, Steel City: Entrepreneurship, Strategy, and Technology in Sheffield, 1743 - 1993 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
G. Particular Industries: Textiles, Engineering, Shipbuilding, Transport, Energy Utilities
1. Sidney Pollard, 'British and World Shipbuilding, 1890-1914: a Study in Comparative Costs', Journal of Economic History, 17 (1957).
2. Charlotte Erickson, British Industrialists: Steel and Hosiery, 1850-1950 (Cambridge, 1959).
3. Duncan Burn, The Economic History of Steelmaking, 1867-1939: A Study in Competition (Cambridge, 1961).
4. Alan Birch, The Economic History of the British Iron and Steel Industry, 1784-1879 (1967).
5. S. B. Saul, 'The Market and the Development of the Mechanical Engineering Industries in Britain, 1860-1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 20 (1967), 111-30; reprinted in S.B. Saul, ed., Technological Change: The United States and Britain in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1970), pp. 141-70.
6. Lars Sandberg, 'Movements in the Quality of British Cotton Textile Exports, 1815-1913', Journal of Economic History, 28 (1968), 1-27.
7. Lars Sandberg, 'American Rings and English Mules: The Role of Economic Rationality', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 83 (1969), reprinted in R.C. Floud, ed., Essays in Quantitative Economic History (Oxford, 1974), pp. 181-95.
8. A. E. Harrison, 'The Competitiveness of the British Cycle Industry, 1890-1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 22 (1969), 287-303.
9. C. K. Harley, 'The Shift from Sailing Ships to Steamships, 1850-1890: A Study in Technological Change and Its Diffusion', in D.N. McCloskey, ed., Essays on a Mature Economy: Britain After 1840 (Princeton, 1971), pp. 215-38.
10. Roderick C. Floud, 'Changes in the Productivity of Labour in the British Machine Tool Industry, 1856-1900', in Donald McCloskey, ed., Essays on a Mature Economy: Britain After 1840 (Princeton, 1971), pp. 313-37.
11. Roy Church, 'The British Leather Industry and Foreign Competition, 1870-1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 24 (1971), 254-72.
12. E. Asher, 'Industrial Efficiency and Biased Technical Change: The Case of Textiles in the Nineteenth Century', Journal of Economic History, 32 (1972), 431-42.
13. Clive Trebilcock, 'British Armaments and European Industrialization, 1890-1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 254-72.
14. Donald McCloskey, Economic Maturity and Entrepreneurial Decline: British Iron and Steel, 1870-1913 (Cambridge, 1973).
15. Lars Sandberg, Lancashire in Decline: A Study of Entrepreneurship, Technology and International Trade (Columbus, 1974).
16. Derek Aldcroft, Studies in British Transport History, 1870 - 1970 (London: David and Charles, 1974).
17. Paul Robertson, 'Technical Education in the British Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering Industries, 1863-1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 27 (1974), 222-35.
18. Rhodri Walters, 'Labour Productivity in the South Wales Steam-Coal Industry, 1870-1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 28 (1975), 280-303.
19. Roderick C. Floud, The British Machine Tool Industry (Cambridge, 1976).
20. R. J. Irving, 'The Profitability and Performance of British Railways, 1870-1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 31 (1978), 46-66.
21. H. Catling, 'The Development of the Spinning Mule', Textile History, 9 (1978), 35-58. See especially pp. 57-58, for a very critical view of the British cotton industry after the 1890s.
22. Gary R. Saxonhouse and Gavin Wright, 'New Evidence on the Stubborn English Mule and the Cotton Industry, 1878 - 1920', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 37 (Nov. 1984), 507-19.
23. B. R. Mitchell, The Economic Development of the British Coal Industry, 1800 - 1914 (Cambridge, 1984).
24. R. A. Buchanan, 'Institutional Proliferation in the British Engineering Profession', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 38 (Feb. 1985), 42 - 60.
25. Roy Church, The History of the British Coal Industry, Vol 3: 1830 - 1913, Victorian Pre-eminence (Oxford, 1986).
26. J. R. Harris, The British Iron Industry, Studies in Economic History series (London: Macmillan, 1988).
27. Robert Millward, 'The Market Behaviour of Local Utilities in Pre-World War I Britain: The Case of Gas', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 44 (February 1991), 102 - 27.
28. Edward H. Lorenz, 'An Evolutionary Explanation for Competitive Decline: The British Shipbuilding Industry, 1890 - 1970', The Journal of Economic History, 51 (December 1991), 911 - 36.
29. Edward H. Lorenz, Economic Decline in Britain: The Shipbuilding Industry, 1890 - 1970 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991).
30. J. S. Dodgson, 'British Railway Cost Functions and Productivity Growth, 1900-1912', Explorations in Economic History, 30:2 (April 1993), 158 - 81.
31. John Armstrong, 'The English Coastal Coal Trade, 1890-1910: Why Calculate Figures When You Can Collect Them?' and: William J. Hausman, 'Freight Rates and Shipping Costs in the English Coastal Coal Trade: A Reply', both in Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 46:3 (August 1993), 607-12.
32. P. Z. Grossman, 'Measurement and Assessment of Coal Consumption in Nineteenth-Century European Economies: A Note', Journal of European Economic History, 22:2 (Fall 1993), 333-8.
33. John M. Hobson, 'The Military-Extraction Gap and the Wary Titan: The Fiscal-Sociology of British Defence Policy, 1870 - 1913', Explorations in Economic History, 22:3 (Winter 1993), 461-506.
34. J. S. Toms, 'The Profitability of the First Lancashire Merger: The Case of Horrocks, Crewdson and Co. Ltd, 1887 - 1905', Textile History, 24:2 (Autumn 1993), 129-46. On the British cotton industry.
35. Clive Trebilcock, 'Science, Technology and the Armaments Industry in the UK and Europe, 1880-1914', Explorations in Economic History, 22:3 (Winter 1993), 565-80.
36. R.W. Kostal, Law and English Railway Capitalism, 1825 - 1875 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
37. T.R. Gourvish and R.G.Wilson, The British Brewing Industry, 1830 - 1980 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
38. W.W. Knox, Hanging by a Thread: the Scottish Cotton Industry, c.1850 - 1914 (Preston: Carnegie Publishing, 1995).
39. D. M. Higgins and G. Tweedale, 'The Trade Marks Question and the Lancashire Cotton Industry, 1870 - 1914', Textile History, 27:2 (Autumn 1996), 207-228.
40. Mary B. Rose, ed., The Lancashire Cotton Industry: A History Since 1700 (Preston: Lancashire County Books, 1996).
41. Akira Satoh, Building in Britain: The Origins of a Modern Industry (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1995).
42. Gordon Boyce, Information, Mediation, and Institutional Development: The Rise of Large-Scale Enterprise in British Shipping, 1870 - 1919 (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1995).
43. Jack Simmons and Gordon Biddle, eds., The Oxford Companion to British Railway History (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
44. Va Nee L. Van Vleck, 'Delivering Coal by Road and Rail in Britain: The Efficiency of the 'Silly Little Bobtailed' Coal Wagons', Journal of Economic History, 57:1 (March 1997), 139-60.
45. R.G. Wilson and T.R. Gourvish, eds., The Dynamics of the International Brewing Industry since 1800 (London: Routledge, 1998).
46. Roger Burt, 'Segmented Capital Markets and Patterns of Investment in Late Victorian Britain: Evidence from the Non-Ferrous Mining Industry', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 51:4 (November 1998), 709-33.
47. Rod W. Ambler, ed., The History and Practice of Britain's Railways: A New Research Agenda (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 1999).
48. Christopher Breward, The Hidden Consumer: Masculinities, Fashion and City Life, 1860 - 1914 (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1999).
49. David Starkey, ed., Shipping Movements in the Ports of the United Kingdom, 1871-1913: A Statistical Profile (Exeter: Exeter University Press, 1999).
50. Lena Andersson-Skog and Ollie Kranze, eds., Institutions in the Transport and Communications Industries: State and Private Actors in the Making of Institutional Patterns, 1850 - 1990, Watson for Science History Publications (Canton, Mass., 1999).
51. Andy Bielenberg, 'British Competition and the Vicissitudes of the Irish Woollen Industry: 1785 - 1923', Textile History, 31:2 (November 2000), 202-21.
52. Ian Mortimer and Joseph Melling, 'British Government Policies for the Regulation of Anthrax Infection and the Wool Textiles Industries, 1880 - 1939', Textile History, 31:2 (November 2000), 222-36.
53. Roger Lloyd-Jones and M.J. Lewis, Raleigh and the British Bicycle Industry: An Economic and Business History, 1870 - 1960 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000).
54. Barry Stapleton and James H. Thomas, Gales: A Study in Brewing, Business, and Family History (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000).
55. Lynn Pearson, British Breweries: an Architectural History (London and Rio Grande: Hambledon, 2000).
56. Katrina Honeyman, Well Suited: A History of the Leeds Clothing Industry, 1850 - 1990 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
57. Mary B. Rose, Firms, Networks and Business Values: The British and American Cotton Industries since 1750 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
58. Roy Church, 'Advertising Consumer Goods in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Reinterpretations', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 53:4 (November 2000), 621-45.
59. Geoffrey Jones, Merchants to Multinationals: British Trading Companies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
60. A. J. Arnold, Iron Shipbuilding on the Thames, 1832-1915: An Economic and Business History (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2000).
61. Timothy Leunig, 'New Answers to Old Questions: Explaining the Slow Adoption of Ring Spinning in Lancashire, 1880-1913', Journal of Economic History, 61:2 (June 2001), 439-66.
60. John G. Treble, 'Productivity and Effort: The Labor-Supply Decisions of Late Victorian Coalminers', Journal of Economic History, 61:2 (June 2001), 414-38.
61. Peter Scott, 'Path Dependence and Britain's "Coal Wagon Problem"', Explorations in Economic History, 38:3 (July 2001), 339-85.
62. David Swan, 'British Cotton Mills in Pre-Second World War China', Textile History, 32:2 (November 2001), 175-216. With international data from 1897.
63. Geoffrey Channon, Railways in Britain and the United States, 1830-1940 (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2001).
64. Stephen Broadberry and Andrew Marrison, 'External Economies of Scale in the Lancashire Cotton Industry, 1900 - 1950', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 55:1 (February 2002), 51-77.
65. Douglas J. Puffert, 'Path Dependence in Spatial Networks: The Standardization of Railway Track Gauge', Explorations in Economic History, 39:3 (July 2002), 282-314.
H. British Banking and Financial Institutions, 1815 - 1914
1. H. A. Shannon, 'The Coming of General Limited Liability', Economic History, 2 (1931), reissued in E. M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. I (London, 1954), pp. 358 - 79.
2. H. A. Shannon, 'The Limited Companies of 1866 - 1883', Economic History Review, 1st ser. 4 (1933), reissued in E. M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. I (London, 1954), pp. 380 - 405.
3. Frank Fetter, The Development of British Monetary Orthodoxy, 1717 - 1875 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965).
4. P. L. Payne, 'The Emergence of the Large-Scale Company in Great Britain', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 20 (1967), 519-42.
5. S.G. Checkland, Scottish Banking: A History, 1695 - 1973 (Glasgow: Collins, 1975).
6. Forrest Capie and Ghila Rodrik-Bali, 'Concentration in British Banking, 1870 - 1920', Business History, 24 (November 1982), 280-92.
7. Y. Cassis, 'Bankers in English Society in the Late Nineteenth Century', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 38 (May 1985), 210-29.
8. S. D. Chapman, 'British-Based Investment Groups Before 1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 38 (May 1985), 230-51.
9. C.A.E. Goodhart, The Business of Banking, 1891 - 1914, 2nd edn (Aldershot, 1986).
10. R.C. Mitchie, The London and New York Stock Exchanges, 1850 - 1914 (London: Allen and Unwin, 1987).
11. Michael Collins, Banks and Industrial Finance in Britain, 1800 - 1939, Studies in Economic and Social History (London: Macmillan, 1991).
12. Yousef Cassis, City Bankers, 1890 - 1914, trans. Margaret Rocques (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
13. Richard Roberts and David Kynaston, eds., The Bank of England, 1694 - 1994: Money, Power, and Influence (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
14. Forrest H. Capie and Terence C. Mills, 'British Bank Conservatism in the Late 19th Century', Explorations in Economic History, 32:3 (July 1995), 409-20.
15. Forrest Capie, Charles Goodhart, Stanley Fischer, and Norbert Schnadt, The Furture of Central Banking: the Tercentenary Symposium of the Bank of England (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
16. Katherine Watson, 'Banks and Industrial Finance: the Experience of Brewers', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 49:1 (February 1996), 58-81.
17. Giulio M. Gallarotti, The Anatomy of An International Monetary Regime: The Classical Gold Standard, 1880 - 1914 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
18. Richard Roberts and David Kynaston, eds., The Bank of England: Money, Power, and Influence, 1694 - 1994 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
19. Richard Saville, Bank of Scotland: A History, 1695 - 1995 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996).
20. Marc Flandreau, 'Central Bank Cooperation in Historical Perspective: a Skeptical View', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 50:4 (November 1997), 735-63.
* 21. Michael Collins, 'English Bank Development within a European Context, 1870 - 1939', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 51:1 (February 1998), 1-24.
22. Timothy Alborn, Conceiving Companies: Joint-Stock Politics in Victorian England (London: Routledge, 1998).
23. Mae Baker and Michael Collins, 'English Industrial Distress Before 1914 and the Response of the Banks', European Review of Economic History, 3:1 (April 1999): 1-24.
* 24. Mae Baker and Michael Collins, 'Financial Crises and Structural Change in English Commercial Bank Assets, 1860 - 1913', Explorations in Economic History, 36:4 (October 1999), 428-44.
25. Richard S. Grossman, 'Rearranging the Deck Chairs on the Titanic: English Banking Concentration and Efficiency, 1870 - 1914', European Review of Economic History, 3:3 (December 1999), 323-50.
26. Clive Trebilcock, Phoenix Assurance and the Development of British Insurance, vol. II: The Era of the Insurance Giants, 1870 - 1984 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
27. Ted Wilson, Battles for the Standard: Bimetallism and the Spread of the Gold Standard in the Nineteenth Century (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2001).
28. Margaret Ackrill and Leslie Hannah, Barclays: The Business of Banking, 1690 - 1996 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
29. Richard S. Grossman, 'New Indices of British Equity Prices, 1870 - 1913', Journal of Economic History, 62:1 (March 2002), 121-46.
I. Foreign Trade and Capital Exports:
1. C. K. Hobson, The Export of Capital (London, 1914; new edition with a preface by Sir Roy Harrod, London, 1963). 'A classic study but now statistically out of date' (Cottrell). [The author of this book should not be confused with J.A. Hobson.]
* 2. Herbert Feis, Europe: the World's Banker, 1870-1914 (New Haven, 1930; reissued 1965). Part I: 'The Record of Capital Movements: British, French, and German Foreign Investment', pp. 3-82.
3. W. W. Rostow, The British Economy of the Nineteenth Century: Essays by W. W. Rostow (Oxford, 1948). On foreign investments, see chapters 3, 4, 7, and 9.
4. W. Arthur Lewis, 'World Production, Prices and Trade, 1870 - 1960', Manchester School, 20 (1952).
5. G. M. Meier, 'Long-Period Determinants of Britain's Terms of Trade: 1880-1913', Review of Economic Studies, 20 (1952-53).
* 6. A. K. Cairncross, Home and Foreign Investment, 1870-1914 (Cambridge, 1953).
7. A. Imlah, Economic Elements in the Pax Britannica (London, 1958).
8. Brinley Thomas, 'Migration and International Investment', in Brinley Thomas, ed., The Economics of International Migration (London, 1958).
9. David S. Landes, Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt (1958). On British investment in Egypt, and the development of the London capital market; and, as with anything by Landes, a fascinating study.
10. A. G. Ford, 'The Transfer of British Foreign Lending, 1870 - 1913', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 11 (1958-59).
11. R. C. O. Matthews, The Trade Cycle (Cambridge, 1959). Largely theoretical; but with some historical analyses of this period.
12. J. F. Rippy, British Investments in Latin America, 1822 - 1949 (Minneapolis, 1959).
* 13. S.B. Saul, Studies in British Overseas Trade, 1870-1914 (London, 1960). Introduction; Chapters 4, 7, 8, 9.
14. H. S. Berns, Britain and Argentian in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1960).
* 15. William Ashworth, Economic History of England, 1870-1939 (London, 1960), Chapters 6-7.
16. William Ashworth, A Short History of the International Economy Since 1850, 2nd edn. (London, 1962). Chapters 3, 5-7.
17. Jeffrey G. Williamson, 'The Long Swing: Comparisons and Interactions between British and American Balance of Payments, 1820 - 1913', The Journal of Economic History, 22 (1962). Reprinted in A. R. Hall, ed., The Export of Capital from Britain, 1870 - 1914, Debates in Economic History series (London: Methuen, 1968), pp. 55-83; and also in D. H. Aldcroft and Peter Fearon, eds., British Economic Fluctuations, 1790 - 1939 (London, 1972), pp. 268 - 90.
18. H. J. Habakkuk, 'Fluctuations in House-Building in Britain and the United States in the Nineteenth Century', The Journal of Economic History, 22 (1962); reprinted in A. R. Hall, ed., The Export of Capital from Britain, 1870 - 1914 (London: Methuen, 1968), pp. 103 - 42; and also in Derek Aldcroft and Peter Fearon, eds., British Economic Fluctuations, 1790-1939 (London, MacMillan, 1972), pp. 236 - 67.
19. A. R. Hall, The London Capital Market and Australia, 1870 -1914 (Canberra, 1963).
20. Jeffrey G. Williamson, American Growth and the Balance of Payments, 1820 - 1913 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1964).
* 21. J. Saville, ed., Studies in the British Economy, 1870 - 1914: special issue of Yorkshire Bulletin of Economic and Social Research, 17 (1965):
(a) A. J. Brown, 'Britain and the World Economy.'
(b) A. G. Ford, 'Overseas Lending and Internal Fluctuations, 1870 - 1914.' [Reprinted in A.R. Hall, ed., The Export of Capital from Britain, 1870 - 1914 (London, 1968), pr 84-102.]
(c) S. B. Saul, 'The Export Economy.'
(d) W.M. Scammell, 'The Working of the Gold Standard.'
22. William Woodruff, Impact of Western Man: A Study of Europe's Role in the World Economy, 1750-1960 (London, 1966), chapter IV: 'Europe, Banker to the World: A Study of European Foreign Investment', pp. 114-63.
23. J. H. Adler, ed., Capital Movements and Economic Development (London: Macmillan, 1967):
(a) Brinley Thomas, 'The Historical Record of International Capital Movements to 1913.' [Reprinted in Brinley Thomas, Migration and Urban Development (London, 1972).]
(b) Matthew Simon, 'The Pattern of New British Portfolio Investment, 1865 - 1914.' [Reprinted in A. R. Hall, ed., The Export of Capital from Britain, 1870 - 1914, Debates in Economic History series (London: Methuen, 1968), pp. 15-44.]
24. A. I. Bloomfield, Patterns of Fluctuation in International Investment Before 1914, Princeton Studies in International Finance no. 21 (Princeton, 1968).
25. Irving Stone, 'British Long-term Investment in Latin America, 1865 - 1913', Business History Review, 42 (1968).
26. S.G.E. Lythe, 'Britain, the Financial Capital of the World', in C.J. Bartlett, ed., Britain Pre-eminent: Studies of British World Influence in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1969), pp. 31-53.
** 27. A.R. Hall, ed., The Export of Capital from Britain, 1870-1914 (Debates in Economic History series, London, 1968): in particular:
(a) Editor's Introduction, pp. 1-14.
(b) Matthew Simon, 'The Pattern of New British Portfolio Foreign Investment, 1865-1914', pp. 15-44. [Reprinted from J.H. Adler, ed., Capital Movements and Economic Development (London: MacMillan, 1967).]
(c) Brinley Thomas, 'Migration and International Investment', pp. 45-54. [Reprinted from Brinley Thomas, ed., The Economics of International Migration (London: Macmillan, 1958).]
(d) Jeffrey G. Williamson, 'The Long Swing: Comparisons and Interactions Between British and American Balance of Payments, 1820 - 1913', pp. 55 - 83. [Reprinted from The Journal of Economic History, 22 (1962).]
* (e) A. G. Ford, 'Overseas Lending and Internal Fluctuations, 1870-1914', pp. 84-102. [Reprinted from The Yorkshire Bulletin of Economic and Social Research, 17:1 (1965).]
(f) H. J. Habbabkuk, 'Fluctuations in House-Building in Britain and the United States in the Nineteenth Century', pp. 103 - 42. [Reprinted from The Journal of Economic History, 22:2 (1962).]
(d) A. R. Hall, 'Capital Imports and the Composition of Investment in a Borrowing Country', pp. 143-52. [Reprinted from A. R. Hall, The London Capital Market and Australia, 1870 - 1914 (Australian National University Press, 1963).]
(e) A. K. Cairncross, 'Investment in Canada, 1900-13', pp. 153 - 86. [Reprinted from A. K. Cairncross, Home and Foreign Investment, 1870 - 1913 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953).]
28. J. H. Dunning, Studies in International Investment (London, 1970).
29. Donald McCloskey, 'Britain's Loss from Foreign Industrialization: A Provisional Estimate', Explorations in Economic History, 8 (1970 - 71); reprinted in Donald N. McCloskey, Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain: Essays in Historical Economics (London, 1981), pp. 173 - 83.
30. Michael Edelstein, 'Rigidity and Bias in the British Capital Market, 1870-1913', in Donald McCloskey, ed., Essays on a Mature Economy: Britain After 1840 (Princeton, 1971), pp. 83-105.
* 31. A. G. Kenwood and A.L. Lougheed, The Growth of the International Economy, 1820-1960 (London, 1971): Part I, 'The International Economy, 1820 - 1913', and especially chapter 2, 'International long-term capital movements, 1820-1913', pp. 38-56; but also all the chapters 1- 10, pp. 21 - 176.
32. A. G. Ford, 'British Investment in Argentina and Long Swings, 1880 - 1914', The Journal of Economic History, 31 (1971), 650-63; reprinted in Roderick Floud, ed., Essays in Quantitative Economic History (Oxford, 1974), pp. 216-27.
33. J. M. Stone, 'Financial Panics: Their Implications for the Mix of Domestic and Foreign Investments of Great Britain, 1880 - 1913', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 75 (1971).
34. H. W. Richardson, 'British Emigration and Overseas Investment, 1870 - 1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 25 (1972), 99 - 113.
35. Michael Edelstein, 'The Determinants of U.K. Investment Abroad, 1870-1913: the U.S. Case', Journal of Economic History, 34 (1974), 980-1022.
36. William Kennedy, 'Foreign Investment, Trade, and Growth in the United Kingdom, 1870-1913', Explorations in Economic History, 9 (1974), 415-44.
** 37. P. L. Cottrell, British Overseas Investment in the Nineteenth Century, Studies in Economic and Social History Series (London: MacMillan, 1975).
38. D. G. Paterson, British Direct Investment in Canada, 1890-1914 (1976).
39. Irving Stone, 'British Direct and Portfolio Investment in Latin America Before 1914', Journal of Economic History, 37 (1977), 690-722.
40. A. Milward and S.B. Saul, The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe, 1850-1914 (London, 1977), Chapter 9, 'International Trade and Investment'.
41. Malcolm Falkus, 'Aspects of Foreign Investment in Tsarist Russia', Journal of European Economic History, 8 (1979), 5-35.
* 42. D.C.M. Platt, 'British Portfolio Investment Overseas Before 1870: Some Doubts', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 33 (Feb. 1980), 1-16.
43. Peter Robb, 'British Rule and Indian `Improvement'', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 34 (Nov. 1981), 507-23.
44. Andrew Porter, 'Britain, The Cape Colony, and Natal, 1870-1915: Capital, Shipping, and the Imperial Connection', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 34 (Nov. 1981), pp. 554-77.
* 45. R.C. Floud and Donald N. McCloskey, eds., The Economic History of Britain Since 1700, Vol. II: 1860 to the 1970s (1981):
(a) A.G. Ford, 'The Trade Cycle in Britain, 1860-1914', pp. 27-49.
(b) C.K. Harley and D.N. McCloskey, 'Foreign Trade: Competition and the Expanding International Economy', pp. 50-69.
(c) Michael Edelstein, 'Foreign Investment and Empire, 1860-1914', pp. 70-98.
46. Donald N. McCloskey, Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain: Essays in Historical Economics (London, 1981):
(a) 'From Dependence to Autonomy: Judgements on Trade as an Engine of Growth', pp. 139 - 54. [Original essay, published for the first time in this volume.]
(b) Donald McCloskey, 'Britain's Loss from Foreign Industrialization: A Provisional Estimate', pp. 173-183. [Reprinted from Explorations in Economic History, 8 (1970 - 71).]
* (c) Donald McCloskey and J. Richard Zecher, 'How the Gold Standard Worked, 1880-1913', pp. 184-208. [Reprinted from J. Frenkel and H. G. Johnson, eds., The Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payments (Toronto, 1976).]
47. Stephen Nicholas, 'British Multinational Investment Before 1939', Journal of European Economic History, 9 (Winter 1982), 605-30.
* 48. Michael Edelstein, Overseas Investment in the Age of High Imperialism: The United Kingdom, 1850-1914 (New York, 1982).
49. Carl Parrini and Martin Sklar, 'New Thinking About the Market, 1896-1904: Some American Economists on Investment and the Theory of Surplus Capital', Journal of Economic History, 43 (Sept. 1983), 559-78.
50. Stephen Nicholas, 'Agency Contracts, Institutional Modes, and the Transition to Direct Investment by British Manufacturing Multinationals Before 1939', Journal of Economic History, 43 (Sept. 1983), 675-86. (Begins in 1880).
* 51. James Foreman-Peck, A History of the World Economy: International Economic Relations Since 1850 (Brighton, 1983): in particular
(a) chapter 3, 'The International Monetary System, 1850-1875', pp. 67-93.
(b) chapter 4, 'International Trade and European Domination, 1875-1914', pp. 94-126.
(c) chapter 5, 'International Factor Mobility, 1875-1914', pp. 127-159.
* (d) chapter 6, 'The Heyday of the International Gold Standard, 1875-1914', pp. 160-85.
52. Geoffrey Jones, 'The Growth and Performance of British Multinational Firms Before 1939: The Case of Dunlop', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 37 (Feb. 1984), 35 - 53.
53. Stephen Nicholas, 'The Overseas Marketing Peformance of British Industry', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 37 (Nov. 1984), 489 - 506.
* 54. Charles P. Kindleberger, A Financial History of Western Europe (London, 1984), chapter 12: 'Foreign Investment: Dutch, British, French, and German Experience to 1914', pp. 213-31; chapter 14: 'Foreign Lending -- Political and Analytical Aspects', pp. 252-68.
55. S. D. Chapman, 'British Based Investment Groups Before 1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 38 (May 1985), 230-51.
** 56. Sidney Pollard, 'Capital Exports, 1870-1914: Harmful or Beneficial?' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 38 (Nov. 1985), 489-514.
57. Ranald C. Michie, 'The London and New York Stock Exchanges, 1850 - 1914', Journal of Economic History, 46 (Mar. 1986), 171 - 88.
58. D. C. M. Platt, Britain's Investment Overseas on the Eve of the First World War: the Use and Abuse of Numbers (London, 1986).
59. S. D. Chapman, 'Investment Groups in India and South Africa', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 40 (May 1987), 275-80.
60. Robert Turrell and Jean Jacques Van-Helten, 'The Investment Group: The Missing Link in British Overseas Economic Expansion Before 1914?' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 40 (May 1987), 267-74.
* 61. Peter Temin, 'Capital Exports, 1870 - 1914: An Alternative Model', and;
Sidney Pollard, 'Comment on Peter Temin's Comment', both in:
Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 40 (Aug. 1987), 452-8; 459-60.
62. William P. Kennedy, Industrial Structure: Capital Markets and the Origins of British Economic Decline (Cambridge, 1987).
63. Mira Wilkins, 'The Free Standing Company, 1870 - 1914: An Important Type of British Foreign Direct Investment', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 41 (May 1988), 259 - 82.
64. Charles Harvey and Jon Press, 'Overseas Investment and the Professional Advance of British Metal Mining Engineers, 1851 - 1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 42 (Feb. 1989), 64-86.
* 65. V. N. Balasubramanyam, 'Capital Exports, 1870 - 1914', and Peter Temin', Capital Exports, 1870 - 1914: A Reply', both in: Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 42 (May 1989), 260-66.
* 66. James Foreman-Peck, 'Foreign Investment and Imperial Exploitation: Balance of Payments Reconstruction for Nineteenth-Century Britain and India', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 42 (August 1989), 354 - 74.
* 67. Charles Feinstein, 'Britain's Overseas Investments in 1913', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (May 1990), 288-95.
68. T. J. Hatton, 'The Demand for British Exports, 1870 - 1913', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (November 1990), 576 - 94.
69. Howard Archer, 'The Role of the Entrepreneur in the Emergence and Development of UK Multinational Enterprises', Journal of European Economic History, 19 (Fall 1990), 293 - 309.
70. Rondo Cameron and V. I. Bovykin, eds., International Banking, Foreign Investment, and Industrial Finance, 1870 - 1914 (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990). See essays by Anan'ich and V.I. Bovykin, Roosa, Wilkins, Kover, Hertner, Levy, King, Thobie, Fursenko, Broder on international investments.
71. J. J. Van Helten and Youssef Cassis, eds., Capitalism in a Mature Economy: Financial Institutions, Capital Exports, and British Industry, 1870 - 1939 (Elgard, 1990).
72. John Vincent Nye, 'The Myth of Free-Trade Britain and Fortress France: Tariffs and Trade in the Nineteenth Century', Journal of Economic History, 51 (March 1991), 23 - 46.
73. R. E. Rowthorn and S.N. Solomou, 'The Macroeconomic Effects of Overseas Invesment on the UK Balance of Trade, 1870 - 1913', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 44 (November 1991), 665-82.
74. Mira Wilkins, ed., The Growth of Multinationals (London, 1991).
75. William P. Kennedy, 'Portfolio Behavior and Economic Development in Late Nineteenth Century Great Britain: Hypotheses and Conjectures', in Joel Mokyr, ed., Festschrift for Jonathan Hughes, Supplement 6 of Research in Economic History (London: JAI Press, 1991).
76. Youssef Cassis, ed., Finance and Financiers in European History, 1880 - 1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
77. Rondo Cameron and V. I. Bovykin, eds., International Banking, 1870 - 1914 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991).
78. A. G. Kenwood and A. L. Lougheed, The Growth of the International Economy, 1820 - 1990, 3rd edn. (London and New York: Routledge, 1992).
79. P.C. Emmer and M. Mörner, eds., European Expansion and Migration: Essays on the Inter-Continental Migration from Africa, Asia and Europe (New York and Oxford: Berg, 1992).
80. Geoffrey Jones, British Multinational Banking, 1830 - 1990 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993).
81. D.C.M. Platt, A.J.H. Latham, and Ranald Mitchie, Decline and Recovery in Britain's Overseas Trade, 1873 - 1913 (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1993).
82. Forrest Capie, Tariffs and Growth: Some Insights from the World Economy, 1850 - 1940 (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1995).
83. Douglas A. Irwin, Against the Tide: An Intellectual History of Free Trade (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
84. Roger Mason, 'Robert Giffen and the Tariff Reform Campaign, 1865 - 1910', The Journal of European Economic History, 25:1 (Spring 1996), 171-88.
85. Peter Mathias and John A. Davis, eds., International Trade and British Growth: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996).
86. Rainer Fremdling, 'Anglo-German Rivalry in Coal Markets in France, the Netherlands and Germany, 1850-1913', The Journal of European Economic History, 25:3 (Winter 1996), 599-46.
87. François Crouzet, Britain, France, and International Commerce: Louis XIV to Victoria, Variorum Collected Studies Series: CS542 (London and Brookfield, 1996).
88. E. Spenser Wellhofer, Capitalism, Democracy and Empire in Late Victorian Britain, 1885 - 1910 (Basingstoke and London: Macmillan, 1996).
89. Antoni Estevadeordal, 'Measuring Protection in the Early Twentieth Century', European Review of Economic History, 1:1 (April 1997), 89-125.
90. Kevin H. O'Rourke, 'The European Grain Invasion, 1870 - 1913', Journal of Economic History, 57:4 (December 1997), 775-801.
91. Anthony Howe, Free Trade and Liberal England, 1876 - 1946 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
92. Philip Lawson, A Taste for Empire and Glory: Studies in British Overseas Expansion, ed. David Cannadien, Linda Colley, and Ken Munro, Variorum Collected Studies Series: CS563 (London and Brookfield, 1997).
93. C. J. Schmitz, 'The Changing Structure of the World Copper Market, 1870 - 1939', The Journal of European Economic History, 26:2 (Fall 1997), 295-330.
94. Horst A. Wessel, 'Mannesmann in Great Britain, 1888 - 1936: an Investment Dependent on Politics and the Market', The Journal of European Economic History, 26:2 (Fall 1997), 399-410.
95. Kevin H. O'Rourke, 'The European Grain Invasion, 1870 - 1913', Journal of Economic History, 57:4 (December 1997), 775-801.
96. Philip Lawson, A Taste for Empire and Glory: Studies in British Overseas Expansion, ed. David Cannadien, Linda Colley, and Ken Munro, Variorum Collected Studies Series: CS563 (London and Brookfield, 1997).
97. Andrew Morrison, ed., Free Trade and Its Reception, 1815 - 1960: Freedom and Trade, vol. 1 (London: Routledge, 1998).
98. Trish Kelly, 'Ability and Willingness to Pay in the Age of Pax Britannica, 1890 - 1914', Explorations in Economic History, 35:1 (January 1998), 31-58.
99. Sheldon Watts, Epidemics and History: Disease, Power, and Imperialism (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998).
100. Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson, The Age of Mass Migration (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
* 101. Irving Stone, The Global Export of Capital from Great Britain, 1865-1914: A Statistical Survey (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999).
102. Chibuike Ugochukwu Uche, 'Foreign Banks, Africans, and Credit in Colonial Nigeria, c.1890-1912', The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 52:4 (November 1999), 669-91.
103. Raymond E. Dumett.,ed., Gentlemanly Capitalism and British Imperialism: The New Debate on Empire (London and New York: Longman, 1999).
104. Andrew Porter, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire, III: The Nineteenth Century (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
105. Kevin O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999).
106. Peter T. Marsh, Bargaining on Europe: Britain and the First Common Market, 1860-1892 ( New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000).
107. Geoffrey Jones, Merchants to Multinationals: British Trading Companies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
108. R. C. Mitchie, ed., The Development of London as a Financial Centre, 4 vols. (London: I.B. Tauris, 2000).
* 108. Martin Daunton, 'Britain's Imperial Economy: a Review Article', Journal of Economic History, 61:2 (June 2001), 476-85.
109. Jeffrey G. Williamson, 'Land, Labor, and Globalization in the Third World, 1870 - 1940', Journal of Economic History, 62:1 (March 2002), 55-85.
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
A. FRANCE:
1. Discuss David Landes' thesis that the family, in agriculture, trade, and especially in industry--as both an economic and social unit--acted as a significant barrier to French economic growth and industrialization in the 19th century. How effectively has his thesis been challenged by Claude Fohlen, and others?
2. Does the Landes thesis pertain only to France? How typical was the family firm as a business unit in Britain and Germany, and elsewhere in Europe in the 19th century? Was the family firm a negative, positive, or neutral feature of industrialization elsewhere in Europe (i.e. other than France)?
3. Discuss and debate some of the other current theses about the nature of French economic growth in the later 18th and 19th centuries:
a) Rondo Cameron's thesis about the relationships between/among the Revolutionary Land Reforms, peasant farming after the Revolution, slow population growth, and economic stagnation (rural and urban). What is the evidence for his thesis, particularly for demographic stagnation and labour scarcity?
b) The Roehl thesis on French industrialization: in using Gerschenkron's categories of 'backwardness' -- in reverse form --to interpret French industrialization in the 19th century.
c) Crouzet's 'revisionist' theses on French economic growth in the 19th century.
d) Craft's 'Review of the Evidence' in discussing these debates and economic issues concerning the 19th century French economy.
4. How did the rate of economic growth and industrialization in France compare with such growth rates in Britain and Germany in the 19th century? If the French rates were slower, what explanations may be offered?
5. Discuss the various impediments to French economic growth, or to growth in various regions of France, during the 18th and 19th centuries in terms of the following:
a) the institutional heritage of the past: feudalism and manorialism;
b) the structure of agriculture, in both southern and northern France;
c) the location of natural resources in relation to transportation facilities and major ports and markets;
d) demographic trends and population structures in rural and urban areas;
e) political institutions of the Ancien Régime, the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Periods; and in the post 1815 period.
f) government economic policies, before and after 1789: agriculture and land reform; commercial, monetary, and fiscal policies;
g) educational institutions and structures;
h) commercial and financial institutions: business organization and business attitudes; the scale of enterprise;
i) social structures and social attitudes: towards business, commerce and finance, industry, labour, etc.: before and after 1789.
6. Is it legitimate to consider problems of French economic growth in the 18th and 19th centuries as though France had been a fully integrated and homogenous national economic entity? Is it justifiable to make national economic comparisons between and among France, Great Britain, Germany, and Russia -- particularly in terms of 'national growth rates?' Or should we more properly make comparisons in terms of regional economies within all these countries? In the case of France, should we examine the question of industrialization in terms of the different experiences for such regions as North-West France (Lille and the Pas de Calais), Alsace-Lorraine, Normandy, etc.? If we are examining industrialization in terms of iron, coal, and steel, should we make comparisons between the British Midlands, France's Lille region, Alsace-Lorraine, southern Belgium, the Rhineland and Saar regions, and the Donbas region of Russia?
7. Under what other circumstances may national economic comparisons be more valid?
8. Discuss the role of the state and government economic policies in French industrialization from ca. 1830 to 1914.
9. Did any region of France undergo an industrial 'revolution' before 1914?
B. GERMANY:
1. From the previous topic on France, apply the Landes thesis on business organization and entrepreneurship to Germany in the 19th and early 20th centuries. How typical was the family firm as a business unit in Germany, and elsewhere in Europe in the 19th century? Was the family firm a negative, positive, or neutral feature of industrialization in Germany?
2. Discuss the complementary thesis by David Landes: that, in the period 1870 - 1914, Germany's industrial development and the performance of her industrial economy outpaced the British, in many crucial areas, because of more aggressive entrepreneurship, much more technological innovation, a much closer connection between science education and industry (with far more emphasis on science in German education), and much larger scale, more highly mechanized forms of production than were to be found in Britain.
3. Did Germany in fact surpass Great Britain (and France) in all aspects of industrialization in the period 1870-1914? In particular, how did Germany acquire industrial leadership in steel, chemical, and electrical industries? In what areas of the industrial economy did Great Britain retain leadership and international economic hegemony, up to World War I?
4. In more general terms, compare the strengths and weaknesses of business organization and industrial entrepreneurship to be found in Germany, France, and Great Britain during the 19th century (1815 - 1914).
5. Analyze the chief barriers to entrepreneurship, private enterprise, and industrialization in 19th century Germany in terms of the following:
(a) the heritage of the medieval and recent past, in particular: the institutional barriers of feudalism-manorialism and serfdom, and also of craft guilds.
(b) agriculture: the economic and social organization of peasant society.
(c) the location of natural resources in relation to transport facilities, to major industrial towns, ports, etc.
(d) the nature of transportation facilities: land and water.
(e) population trends, demographic structures, and distributions.
(f) political institutions in general as legal and social barriers.
(g) government economic policies: tariffs, trade, fiscal, monetary.
(h) educational facilities: relationships between science and education and between education and industry.
(i) social and class structures: in terms of income and wealth distributions; social attitudes towards savings, investment, and profit seeking; attitudes towards commerce, industry, labour.
(j) the nature of the labour supply, its mobility, skills, attitude towards work and factory discipline; organization in guilds or unions.
(k) the structure of the market: political, social, economic factors.
(l) financial and banking institutions, company institutions; the legal and social impediments to business enterprise.
(m) warfare and the preparation for war.
6. Consider the Roehl thesis (from the previous topic on France) for both Germany and France: i.e. apply Gerschenkron's model of 'economic backwardness' to both France and Germany in the 19th century: compare and contrast, for the two countries, and for their major regions.
7. Particularly in the light of such barriers, analyze the role of the state in the economic development of Germany in the 19th and early 20th centuries. To what extent did the state function as an 'entrepreneur' in the absence of willing initiative by private enterprise; to what extent was entrepreneurial activity by private enterprise conditional upon state support or state intervention in 19th-century Germany?
8. Compare and contrast the role of railroads and steam shipping in the economic development of Germany, 1850-1914: and analyze the role of both state and private enterprise in those transportation industries.
9. Discuss and analyze the role of financial institutions, domestic and foreign, and of foreign investment in the economic development of Germany, 1870-1914; and compare that role of financial institutions and foreign investment in the economic development of France from 1860 to 1914.
C. Great Britain
1. Did Great Britain lose industrial hegemony after ca. 1870: how and why ? In what industrial fields in particular did Britain lose her leadership to Germany and the U.S.? In which did she retain it? In what industrial fields did Britain advance?
2. Did British industry undergo a phase of 'retardation' from 1870 to 1914, or from 1895 - 1914? Did British industry and the British economy in general suffer then from serious structural defects? Or were the difficulties experienced by British industry in this period due to foreign factors beyond British control?
3. More specifically, can British industry be criticized for 'failures' in technological innovation (or the adaptation of new technologies), productivity, and especially entrepreneurship? Compare in particular the nature and structure of business and industrial organization in Great Britain and Germany in this period.
4. What other problems did certain and various British industries face in this period: domestic and foreign? Why were they not resolved? Was there a general 'depression' from 1873 to 1896?
5. Can Britain's 'failures' be attributed to her educational systems, cultural values, and social structure?
6. On the other hand, what is the evidence for industrial innovation and economic growth in this period? How did Britain fare in the so-called New Industries (in both the manufacturing and distribution of consumer goods)?
7. Did Great Britain prosper in the era 1870-1914? In particular how did the British working classes fare in this period? Discuss this question also in terms of the previous question on the 'consumer goods revolution.'
8. Discuss the influence of foreign trade and overseas capital investments on the changing structure of British industry in the period 1870-1914. What factors determined whether capital would be invested at home or abroad in this period?
9. Why did the agricultural sector experience a severe contraction in this period, 1870-1914? Was that contraction harmful or beneficial for the British economy as a whole?
10. Examine the advances and setbacks, achievements and failures in the following British industries from 1870 to 1914: iron, coal, and steel; cottons and woollens; shipbuilding and marine engineering; chemical (coal-based, petroleum-based, wood-based); electrical; consumer goods; automobiles; etc.
11. On balance, what is your view of the performance of the British economy, relative to that of the German and American economies, in this period?
12. Explain the course of prices from (a) 1873 to 1896, and (b) 1896 to 1914: were the major factors causing first deflation and then inflation monetary or real? Were the real factors essentially technological? What bearing do the price movements have upon the debate concerning the performance of British industry in this era? Explain the behaviour of interest rates in relation to: (a) movements in the price level; (b) the performance of the British economy.
Table 1. CAPITAL INVESTMENTS, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN, IN THE BRITISH ECONOMY, 1870-4 TO 1910-14
Period Net Net N.D.C.F. Net N.F.I. Total
National Domestic as % Foreign as % Investment
Product Capital of Invest- of as % of
in Formation NNP ment in NNP NNP
Millions Millions Millions
£ £ £
1870-4 1,020.6 26.6 2.6% 78.4 7.7% 10.3%
1875-9 1,036.8 48.6 4.7% 30.4 2.9% 7.6%
1880-4 1,080.8 32.4 3.0% 54.6 5.1% 8.0%
1885-9 1,153.4 14.2 1.2% 80.4 7.0% 8.2%
1890-4 1,307.4 29.0 2.2% 69.8 5.3% 7.5%
1895-9 1,503.8 66.8 4.4% 44.4 3.0% 7.4%
1900-4 1,671.6 109.2 6.5% 34.4 2.1% 8.6%
1905-9 1,833.0 57.4 3.1% 132.6 7.2% 10.4%
1910-4 2,107.4 36.0 1.7% 190.0 9.0% 10.7%
Source: Charles H. Feinstein, Statistical Tables of National Income, Expenditure and Output of the U.K., 1855-1965 (Cambridge, 1976), pp. T-4, 5, T-37, 38; T-106, 107.
Table 2. NET CAPITAL FORMATION (DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN) AS A PERCENTAGE OF NET NATIONAL PRODUCT IN GERMANY AND THE U.K.: 1860-1910
Decade Germany U.K. U.K.
(Mitchell (Kuznets (Feinstein
1975) 1961) 1976)
1860-9 11.9% 10.0% -
1870-9 12.1% 11.8% 8.9%
1880-9 11.1% 10.9% 8.1%
1890-9 13.6% 10.1% 7.5%
1900-9 14.4% 11.7% 9.5%
Table 3.
Period Manufacturing Gross Domestic Product
& Mining (1907 Prices)
1853-1873 2.7% 1.95%
1873-1883 2.2% 1.90%
1883-1899 2.1% 1.85%
1899-1913 2.0% 1.70%
Source: W.A. Lewis, Growth and Fluctuations, 1870-1913 (London, 1978).
Table 4.
Period No. Total Real Gross Domestic Product
Years Industrial at Constant Factor Prices
Output (at (from output data)
constant
prices)
1855-69 15 2.08% 1.63%
1870-84 15 2.04% 1.71%
1885-99 15 2.91% 2.14%
1900-13 14 1.60% 1.64%
1855-1913 59 2.29% 1.87%
1870-1913 44 2.09% 1.82%
Source: Charles Feinstein, Statistical Tables of National Income, Expenditure, and Output of the United Kingdom, 1855-1965 (1976)
Table 5. AGGREGATE AND PER CAPITA INDICES OF INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTION (UNITED KINGDOM IN 1900 = 100), AND PERCENTAGE
SHARES OF WORLD INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, FOR VARIOUS
COUNTRIES: IN 1860 AND 1913
Country Total Per Capita Percentage Shares of
Industrial Industrial World Industrial
Output Output Production
With 1913 1860 1913 1860 1913 1860 1913
Frontiers Index Index Index Index % %
United
Kingdom* 45 127 64 115 20% 14%
Germany 11 138 15 85 5% 15%
France 18 57 20 59 8% 6%
Russia 16 77 8 20 7% 8%
ALL EUROPE 120 528 17 45 53% 57%
United
States 16 298 21 126 7% 32%
Canada 1 9 7 46 -- 1%
Source: Paul Bairoch, 'International Industrialization Levels from 1760 to 1980', Journal of European Economic History, 11 (Fall 1982), 269-333, tables 4 - 13.
* The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: the values for its aggregate and per capita industrial outputs for 1900 are taken as the base 100 for all the indices in columns 1 to 4. Note that columns 5 and 6 are percentages of total world industrial output.
Table 6. INDICES OF INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT*: IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, FRANCE, GERMANY, AND THE UNITED STATES IN QUINQUENNIAL MEANS, 1860-4 TO 1910-13
MEAN OF 1870-4 = 100
Period United France Germany United
Kingdom States
1860-64 72.6
1865-69 82.8 95.8 72.6 75.5
1870-74 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1875-79 105.5 109.5 120.8 111.4
1880-84 123.4 126.6 160.6 170.4
1885-89 129.5 130.3 194.9 214.9
1890-94 144.2 151.5 240.6 266.4
1895-99 167.4 167.8 306.4 314.2
1900-04 181.1 176.1 354.3 445.7
1905-09 201.1 206.2 437.4 570.0
1910-13 219.5 250.2 539.5 674.9
* Excluding construction, but including building materials.
Source: W. Arthur Lewis, Growth and Fluctuations, 1870 - 1913 (London, 1978), pp. 248-50, 269, 271, 273.
Table 7.
Period Income Expenditure Output
1856 - 73 1.32 1.38 1.12
1873 - 82 0.90 1.03 1.20
1882 - 99 1.49 1.27 0.85
1899 -1913 0.09 0.33 0.72
...................................................................
1856 - 1882 1.18 1.26 1.15
1882 - 1913 0.86 0.84 0.79
1856 - 1913 1.01 1.03 0.95
.................................................................
Source: Charles Feinstein, 'What Really Happened to Real Wages: Trends in Wages, Prices, and Productivity in the United Kingdom, 1880 - 1913', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (August 1990).
Table 8.
| COUNTRY | 1850 | 1870 | 1890 | 1910 | Percent-
age Total Growth 1850-1910 |
| BRITAIN | 660 | 904 | 1,130 | 1,302 | 197% |
| FRANCE | 432 | 567 | 668 | 883 | 204% |
| GERMANY | 418 | 579 | 729 | 958 | 229% |
| BELGIUM | 534 | 738 | 932 | 1,110 | 208% |
| NETHER-LANDS | 481 | 591 | 768 | 952 | 198% |
Source: Nicholas Crafts, 'Gross National Product in Europe, 1870 - 1910: Some New Estimates', Explorations in Economic History, 20 (October 1983), 387-401.
Table 9: Railway Tracks Open at Decennial Intervals, 1840 - 1914 in kilometres:
Year Britain Belgium FRANCE Germany Russia
1840 2,390 335 498 468 27
1850 9,791 903 2,914 5,856 500
1860 14,594 1,730 9,166 11,088 1,625
1870 21,545 2,897 16,464 18,875 10,731
1880 25,045 4,112 23,233a 33,836b 22,864
1890 27,810 4,525 33,278 42,868 30,594
1900 30,061 4,591 38,107 51,675 53,231
1910 32,163 4,678 40,483 61,205 66,579
1913 32,613 n.a. 40,768 63,375 70,153
* 1 km. = 0.6214 miles.
a. Excluding Alsace-Lorraine: ceded to Germany in 1871
b. Including Alsace-Lorraine: acquired from France in 1871
Sources:
B.R. Mitchell and Phyllis Deane, Abstract of British Historical Statistics (Cambridge, 1962), pp. 225-26; Carlo Cipolla, ed., Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV:2, The Emergence of Industrial Societies (London, 1973), pp. 790, 794.
Table 10. OUTPUT OF COAL IN MILLIONS OF METRIC TONS: FOR SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, DECENNIAL MEANS: 1820/9 - 1910/3
Decade Great Belgium France Germany Russia
Britain
1820-9 20.00 n.a. 1.30 1.40 n.a.
1830-9 25.45 2.75 2.45 2.45 n.a.
1840-9 40.40 4.60 3.95 5.25 n.a
1850-9 59.00 7.70 6.45 11.95 n.a
1860-9 95.50 11.35 11.35 25.90 0.45
1870-9 129.45 14.70 16.20 45.65a 1.60
1880-9 163.40 17.95 20.85 71.90b 4.35
1890-9 194.15 20.70 28.45 107.05c 9.05
1900-9 245.30 24.05 34.70 179.25d 20.50
1910-3 275.40 24.80 39.90 247.50e 30.20
Germany: proportion of total coal output accounted for by lignite:
a. in 1871 22.4%
b. in 1880 20.5%
c. in 1890 21.4%
d. in 1900 27.0%
e. in 1910 31.3%
1 metric tonne = 1000 kilograms = 2,204.6 lb.
Source: Carlo Cipolla, ed., Fontana Economic History of Europe (London, 1973), p. 770.
Table 11. DECENNIAL AVERAGES OF THE OUTPUT OF PIG IRON AND STEEL IN FRANCE, GERMANY, RUSSIA, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM, IN MILLIONS OF METRIC TONS, 1830-9 TO 1910-3 (IRON) AND 1870-9 TO 1910-3 (STEEL)
Average of 1880-9 = 100. 1 metric ton = 1000 kg. = 2,204.6 lb.
United
Decade France Index Germany Index Russia Index Kingdom Index
IRON
1830-9 0.286 16 0.129 4 0.172 31 0.921 11
1840-9 0.442 25 0.172 5 0.192 35 1.625 20
1850-9 0.731 25 0.334 5 0.243 44 3.150 39
1860-9 1.164 66 0.813 25 0.304 56 4.602 57
1870-9 1.337 75 1.678 52 0.400 73 6.648 81
1880-9 1.772 100 3.217 100 0.547 100 8.040 100
1890-9 2.192 124 5.155 160 1.539 281 8.090 101
1900-9 3.028 171 9.296 289 2.786 509 9.317 116
1910-13 4.664 263 14.836 461 3.870 707 9.792 122
STEEL
1870-9 0.260* 52 0.080* 33 0.695 30
1880-9 0.500 100 1.320 100 0.240 100 2.340 100
1890-9 1.015 203 3.985 302 0.930 388 3.760 161
1900-9 2.175 435 9.505 720 2.490 1038 5.565 238
1910-13 4.090 818 16.240 1230 4.200 1750 6.930 296
*1875-9 only.
Table 12.
A. Steel Prices, in Shillings per Metric Ton (1906-13 mean)
Steel German German American British
Product Domestic Export Domestic Domestic
Steel Rails n.a. 110 115 121
Steel Bars 106 106 127 139
Heavy Plates 124 119 132 139
Structural Steel 114 107 133 130
B. German & American Steel Prices, as Percentages of British Prices
German German American
Domestic Export Domestic
Steel Rails n.a. 90.9% 95.0%
Steel Bars 76.3% 76.3% 91.4%
Heavy Plates 89.2% 85.6% 95.0%
Structural Steel 87.7% 82.3% 102.3%
C. German & American Production Costs as Percentages of the British Cost
Input German American
(1906-13) (1910-13)
Iron Ore 69.0% 97.0%
Fuel 88.0% 65.0%
Scrap Metal 95.0% 99.0%
Labour 72.0% 170.0%
Average Unit Costs 72.0% 90.0%
Factor Productivity 115.0% 115.0%
D. McCloskey on British-American Productivity Difference
Steel Product British American
(1907-09) Advantage Advantage
Heavy Plates 1.57%
Rails 8.13%
Bars, Rods 7.22%
Structural Steel 5.94%
Blank Plates, Sheets 1.85%
E.
Year Britain Germany U. S. WORLD TOTAL
1865 225 100
1870 286 169 68 703
1880 1,320 660 1,267 4,273
1890 3,637 2,161 4,346 12,096
1900 5,130 6,645 10,382 28,727
1910 6,374 13,698 26,512 58,656
Table 13.
CURRENT VALUES AND INDICES OF THE DOMESTIC EXPORTS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, FRANCE, AND GERMANY: QUINQUENNIAL MEANS, 1860-4 TO 1910-13
Period U. K. U.K. France France Germany Germany
Domestic Ex- Index Exports in Index Exports in Index
ports in 1870-4 Millions of 1870-4 Millions of 1870-4
Millions = 100 Francs = 100 Marks = 100
1860-4 138.4 58.9 2,402.6 71.0
1865-9 181.1 77.1 2,992.0 88.4
1870-4 234.8 100.0 3,385.0 100.0 2,328.4* 100.0
1875-9 201.5 85.8 3,459.2 102.2 2,696.1* 115.8
1880-4 234.3 99.8 3,457.4 102.1 3,125.0 134.2
1885-9 226.2 96.3 3,306.8 97.7 3,067.4 131.7
1890-4 234.4 99.8 3,419.6 101.0 3,102.0 133.2
1895-9 239.7 102.1 3,607.4 106.6 3,688.4 158.4
1900-4 289.2 123.2 4,215.4 124.5 4,791.6 205.8
1905-9 377.3 160.7 5,191.4 153.4 6,386.0 274.3
1910-3 474.2 202.0 6,476.0 191.3 8,658.8 371.9
* estimated
Source: B.R. Mitchell, 'Statistical Appendix', in Carlo Cipolla, ed., Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV:2, Emergence of Industrial Societies (1973), pp. 798-800.
Table 14.
Decennial Means of British Exports, Imports, 'Invisible' Earnings, Balances on Current Account, and Accumulated Balances of Overseas Investments, in Millions of Pounds Sterling, in Current Prices
Decade Export Exports - Imports = Balance + Serv- + Divid- = Balance Accumulated
Index on Comm- ices ends & on the Balance
odity Interest Current of Overseas
1801-10 Account Account Investments*
= 100
in £ in £ in £ in £ in £ in £ in £ sterling
1801-10 100.0 41.05 50.95 -9.90
1811-20 101.3 41.60 49.80 -8.20
1821-30 89.2 36.60 47.05 -10.45 12.40 4.40 6.35 104.50
1831-40 110.0 45.15 63.70 -18.55 16.35 6.70 4.50 149.50
1841-50 140.0 57.45 79.35 -21.90 18.70 8.50 5.30 197.00
1851-60 259.6 106.55 137.20 -30.65 33.60 14.10 17.05 314.50
1861-70 404.6 166.10 223.60 -57.50 62.50 26.30 31.30 591.00
1871-80 537.0 220.45 313.85 -93.40 89.90 53.15 49.65 1127.00
1881-90 570.8 234.30 331.95 -97.65 97.80 74.50 74.65 1716.00
1891-00 584.0 239.75 385.20 -145.45 94.55 97.10 46.20 2296.00
1901-10 845.9 347.25 505.55 -158.30 123.55 132.15 97.40 3006.50
Explanation of the Table:
Subtract imports from exports to obtain the balance on the commodity account, which was always negative (i.e. the British imported a greater value of goods than they exported). To that negative balance on the commodity account, add the 'invisibles' consisting of 'services' (i.e. shipping, banking, insurance revenues, etc.) and those dividends and interest payments received on foreign (overseas) investments, in order to obtain the final balance on Current Account, which was always positive. Gold movements and other items on Capital Account are not shown here.
The Equation: Exports - Imports = Balance on the Commodity Account + Services + Dividends & Interest = Balance on the Current Account.
* The accumulated net balance of overseas investments (foreign credits) includes the retained or re-invested interest and dividends on accumulated foreign investments. Gold movements and other items on the capital account are not given.
Source: Calculated from Peter Mathias, First Industrial Nation (London, 1969), Table VII, p. 305.
Table 15.
COUNTRY 1870 1910 1914 % of 1914
U.K. 4,900 12,000 20,000 44.0%
FRANCE 2,500 5,800 9,050 19.9%
GERMANY 4,800 5,800 12.8%
U.S. 100 500 3,500 7.8%
OTHER 500 1,100 7,100 18.6%
TOTAL 45,450 100.0%
Source: Sidney Pollard, 'Capital Exports, 1870 - 1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 38 (November 1985).